Logistic regression analysis of the associated factors for discontinuation of hypnotics using PSQI sub-item scores as explanatory variables.

<p>CI denotes confidence intervals.</p><p>ns =  not significant; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p><p>Logistic regression analysis of the associated factors for discontinuation of hypnotics using PSQI sub-item scores as explanatory variables.</p

Comparison of demographic variables between the discontinued group and the long-term use group.

<p>Values are expressed as means ±SD. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of continuous variables between the 2 groups as follows: age, duration of insomnia morbidity, dose of hypnotics, and SDS and PSQI scores. The chi-square test was used for the comparison of categorical variables between the 2 groups as follows: sex, marital status, educational background, occupation, and half-life of hypnotic.</p><p>ns =  not significant; SDS =  Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p><p>Comparison of demographic variables between the discontinued group and the long-term use group.</p

Comparison of PSQI total and sub-item scores between the baseline and the end of the treatment period, and comparison of changes in these scores between the discontinued group and the long-term use group from the baseline to the end of the treatment period.

a)<p>The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for comparison of the scores between the 2 time points.</p>b)<p>The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of the changes in these scores between the 2 groups.</p><p>Values are expressed as means ±SD for continuous variables.</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.01;</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.05; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.</p><p>Comparison of PSQI total and sub-item scores between the baseline and the end of the treatment period, and comparison of changes in these scores between the discontinued group and the long-term use group from the baseline to the end of the treatment period.</p

Logistic regression analysis of the associated factors for the long-term use of hypnotics (n = 140).

<p>CI denotes confidence intervals.</p><p>ns =  not significant; PSQI =  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SDS =  Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.</p><p>Logistic regression analysis of the associated factors for the long-term use of hypnotics (n = 140).</p

Predictive cut-off point of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for the long-term use of hypnotics estimated with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

<p>CI denotes confidence intervals. AUC =  area under the curve.</p

Clinical Features and Treatment Modes of Mandibular Fracture at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Hospital, Japan

<div><p>Background</p><p>The number of elderly patients with maxillofacial trauma is rapidly increasing due to active lifestyles and longevity. Shimane prefecture has the fastest growing proportion of elderly individuals in Japan. The aim of this study was to reveal the distinctive features and treatment modes of mandibular fracture treatment mode in patients requiring hospitalization at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Hospital, Japan.</p><p>Patients and Methods</p><p>Patient age, sex, period between injury and first consultation, years since injury, cause of injury, fracture site, treatment, and duration of hospitalization were evaluated. Univariate Poisson regression, relative risk with 95% confidence interval based on the Wald test, Fisher’s exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to explore associations among clinical and demographic variables.</p><p>Results</p><p>In total, 305 patients were diagnosed with and hospitalized for mandibular fracture from 1980 to 2010. Younger age increased the risk for mandibular fracture. Incidence was higher in males than females, particularly in the young, but the male to female ratio decreased with age. The period until first hospital consultation decreased progressively over the study period. Fall was a much more frequent cause in patients aged ≥60 than in those aged <60 years. Mandibular fracture with condyle, symphysis, and angle involvement were most common and were associated with sex, age, and treatment mode. Length of hospitalization has decreased since 1980.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In our department, patients aged ≥60 years accounted for a greater proportion of mandibular fracture cases than in many previous studies, reflecting the greater proportion of elderly residents in Shimane prefecture.</p></div

Univariate Poisson regression analysis of mandible fracture incidence in hospitalized patients from Shimane prefecture.

<p>CI: Confidence interval.</p><p>Univariate Poisson regression analysis of mandible fracture incidence in hospitalized patients from Shimane prefecture.</p

Site of mandible fracture.

<p>Site of mandible fracture.</p

Factor associated with period from fracture to hospital consultation.

<p>Factor associated with period from fracture to hospital consultation.</p

Causes of fracture stratified by sex and age.

<p>Causes of fracture stratified by sex and age.</p