UCC-normalized patterns for major and trace elements of the Harbin loess and paleosols. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary Fig. 1 The UCC-normalized patterns for major and trace elements of the Harbin loess and paleosols, in comparison with the potential sources. UCC values are from Taylor and McLennan (1985)

Provenance discrimination diagrams used to identify whether mixed sources exist. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary Fig. 6 Provenance discrimination diagrams used to identify whether mixed sources exist. Trend lines on scattergrams are mass gain-mass loss paths extending from the origin. Note that the geochemical compositions for the Harbin aeolian loess locate between average compositions of the Horqin Sandy Land and the Songnen Sandy Land, indicating mixture of these two sandy lands

Provenance discrimination diagrams integrating immobile trace elements and REE for the Harbin loess and paleosols. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary Fig. 3: Provenance discrimination diagrams integrating immobile trace elements and REE for the Harbin loess and paleosols. Note that the Harbin dust samples fall within the field of the Songnen Sandy Land and the Horqin Sandy Land but far outside the field of the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, revealing a geochemical affinity of the Harbin aeolian loess with the the Songnen Sandy Land and Horqin Sandy Land

Provenance discrimination diagrams integrating Nd isotopic composition with Th/Sc ratio and Eu anomaly. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary Fig. 5 Provenance discrimination diagrams integrating Nd isotopic composition with Th/Sc ratio and Eu anomaly, revealing a closer analogy to the Songnen Sandy Land and the Horqin Sandy Land for the Harbin aeolian loess sediments in comparison with the Hulun Buir Sandy Land

Concentrations (wt %) of major elements for the potential sources from which the Harbin aeolian loess is likely to be derived. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary table 1: Concentrations (wt %) of major elements for the potential sources from which the Harbin aeolian loess is likely to be derived

Sketch map of the Songliao paleolake and Basin. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary Fig. 7 Sketch map of the Songliao paleolake and Basin, illustrating distribution and evolution of the large Songliao paleolake in the Quaternary (modified from Yang <i>et al.</i>, 1983; Sun, 1990; Qiu <i>et al.</i>, 2012)

Provenance discrimination diagrams incorporating REE parameters for the Harbin loess and paleosols. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary Fig. 4 Provenance discrimination diagrams incorporating REE parameters for the Harbin loess and paleosols. Note that the Harbin dust samples fall within or well close to the field of the Songnen Sandy Land and the Horqin Sandy Land but far outside the field of the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, which reveal that the Harbin aeolian loess sediments have a marked geochemical affinity with the Songnen Sandy Land and the Horqin Sandy Land. Subscript N represents chondrite-normalized values. Eu/Eu* refers to Eu anomaly value equal to Eu_N/(Sm_N×Gd_N)^0.5. LREE=(La+Ce+Pr+Nd+Sm+Eu); HREE=(Gd+Tb+Dy+Ho+Er+Tm+Yb+Lu); LREE'=(La+Ce+Pr+Nd); HREE'=(Er+Tm+Yb+Lu); MREE=(Sm+Eu+Gd+Tb+Dy+Ho); MREE*=2×MREE/(LREE' + HREE') Chondrite values are after Taylor and McLennan (1985)

Scattergrams illustrating the correlation of provenance tracing indicators with CIA. Geochemistry of loess deposits in northeastern China: constraint on provenance and implication for disappearance of the large Songliao palaeolake

Supplementary Fig. 2 Scattergrams illustrating the correlation of provenance tracing indicators with CIA, revealing no correlations between these indicators and CIA can be seen, with the except of between ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and CIA

Effect of pH and temperature on activity and stability of wild-type BceGO and evolved variant B3S1.

<p><b>A</b>. The optimal pH. Enzyme activity was determined with 100 mM glyphosate at 25 °C and within a pH gradient range of 4.0~11.0 with the following buffers: 0.2 mM Na₂HPO₄-0.1 mM citric acid buffer for pH 4.0~8.0, and 50 mM sodium pyrophosphate buffer for pH 8.0~11.0. The maximum activity observed was taken as 100%. <b>B</b>. The pH stability. Enzymes were incubated at 0 °C for 6 h over a pH buffer range of 4.0~11.0, then the enzyme activity was determined with 100 mM glyphosate at 25 °C and the optimal pH. The maximum activity observed was taken as 100%. <b>C</b>. The optimal temperature. The enzymes were added to the reaction mixture and the reaction was carried out at an indicated temperature from 0 to 70 °C. Then the enzyme activity was determined with 100 mM glyphosate at 25 °C and the optimal pH. The maximum activity observed was taken as 100%. <b>D</b>. The temperature stability. Enzymes were incubated for 1h at indicated temperature from 0 to 70 °C and then the enzyme activity was determined with 100 mM glyphosate at 25 °C and in the optimal pH. The activity without treatment was taken as 100%. Error bars represent the SD of the mean calculated for three replicates. <i>Solid </i><i>dots</i> represent wild-type BceGO, <i>solid </i><i>blocks</i> represent variant B3S1.</p

A. Docking analysis of glyphosate-B3S1 complex. The atoms of the nine amino acid mutations are shown with <i>stick</i> representation. The flavin cofactor is in <i>yellow</i> and the ligand glyphosate is shown with <i>ball-and-stick</i> representation. B. The model of variant B3S1 active site docking with the substrate glyphosate. The partial accessible space of the active site is shown in <i>green and purple</i>. The main active residues are shown with <i>stick</i> representation, and hydrogen bonds are represented in <i>yellow</i><i>dotted</i><i>lines</i>. C. 2D depiction of the glyphosate-residues interaction in variant B3S1. The schematic representation was generated using MOE and the residues are shown in <i>purple</i><i>disks</i>. The hydrogen bonds are represented in <i>green</i><i>dotted</i><i>lines</i> with the <i>arrow</i> denoting the direction of the bond. The solvent-exposed surface of catalytic residues is drawn as a <i>halo-like</i><i>disk</i> around the residue. The sol

<p>A. Docking analysis of glyphosate-B3S1 complex. The atoms of the nine amino acid mutations are shown with <i>stick</i> representation. The flavin cofactor is in <i>yellow</i> and the ligand glyphosate is shown with <i>ball-and-stick</i> representation. B. The model of variant B3S1 active site docking with the substrate glyphosate. The partial accessible space of the active site is shown in <i>green and purple</i>. The main active residues are shown with <i>stick</i> representation, and hydrogen bonds are represented in <i>yellow</i><i>dotted</i><i>lines</i>. C. 2D depiction of the glyphosate-residues interaction in variant B3S1. The schematic representation was generated using MOE and the residues are shown in <i>purple</i><i>disks</i>. The hydrogen bonds are represented in <i>green</i><i>dotted</i><i>lines</i> with the <i>arrow</i> denoting the direction of the bond. The solvent-exposed surface of catalytic residues is drawn as a <i>halo-like</i><i>disk</i> around the residue. The solvent exposure of ligand is expressed in <i>contour</i><i>dotted</i><i>line</i>, and the solvent exposure of substitution group is shown in <i>blue</i><i>smudge</i>.</p