Marine collagen: purification, properties and application

Collagens are abundant structural proteins found in connective tissues such as bones, swim bladder, skin, blood vessels, intestines, and cartilage. They make up around 30% of the total protein. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the current knowledge about collagen isolated from marine organisms and its possible applications. Collagen is widely used in pharmaceuticals, food, biomedical and cosmetic industries due to its cell adhesion, biocompatibility, and safety properties. This review discusses various methods for extracting collagen from marine vertebrates and its physicochemical properties. Enzymatic extractions might be a more effective at extracting collagen than acidic extractions. Peptides derived from collagen hydrolysates have biological activity that promotes health and relieves symptoms caused by chronic diseases. Aquaculture can help with collagen availability but an integrated technology for processing raw materials is necessary to address the negative effects of production waste. Marine collagen has many benefits over terrestrial sources including its versatility in healing skin damage and slowing down the aging process. The advantages of marine collagen over terrestrial sources are discussed along with its potential biotherapeutic applications in bone and skin injuries. The development of effective cosmetic products can become a strategic direction for technological development

Studying molecular 2 species econimic shrimps (P. merguiensis, P. indicus) Northern coast of the Persian Gulf and Oman sea using microsatelitte markers to separating and identificating of their possible populations

This study focuses on molecular investigation of two commercial shrimp species of penaeus family namely as : P. merguiensis and P. indicus in order to find and introduce the genetic differentiations and also probable genotypes for monitoring and managing the genetic resources of populations in three major catch areas in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. Only five out of the eight primers for P. merguiensis and four out of the eight primers for P. indicus produced good amplified PCR products with fixed annealing temperature. The rest of the primers were either not easily amplified or produced nonspecific bands. Seven and six alleles were found to be unique to each of the three populations in P.merguiensis and and two populations of P. indicus respectively. Occurrences of heterozygosity deficiency were found at most loci. These heterozygosity deficiencies in observed heterozygosity in compare to expected heterozygosity may be due to inbreeding, genetic drift and consequences of illegal overharvesting of P. merguiensis and P. indicus in the studied areas as well. Deviation from HWE in both studied species was significant in most microsatellite loci (P <0.001). We observed deviation from HWE in most loci with hetrozygosity deficits. The genetic variation results showed that the pairwise Fst values were significant between populations in both species. The assignment test for P. merguiensis revealed high gene flow between Hormoz and Jask and restricted genetic flow between Guatr and Hormoz populations .We observed high gene flow between Hormoz and Jask populations for P. indicus. It seems that the changes in immigration patterns of populations between Hormoz, Jask and Guatr areas in both species are depend on the influence of Persian Gulf currents or the life cycle of studied species. Alternatively, the presence of ecological barriers such as mangrove forests may result in restricted genetic flow between Guatr and both Hormoz and Jask populations

Gene bank preparation from the endemic shrimps and crustaceans of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea

Genetic knowledge and Gene bank preparation can help to protect biodiversity and detect , species identify , fishing offenses , genetic classification and also identification the faliure cross hybridizations of marine animals. In this study, sampling was performed from Jask, guatr and Hormuz areas, which is the most important habitats for the species studied using bottom trawl. Total DNA extraction was performed using phenol- chloroform method. After relevant studies on this gene primers were designed and in use. After editing the sequences, nucleotide BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) was performed using NCBI blast main page. The sequences obtained from each sample were aligned and corrected from any ambiguities and assembled using Bio edit program. Trees were generated using maximum parsimony (MP), a character-based algorithm and neighbor joining (NJ) a distance-based algorithm for phenetic analysis. The distance matrix option of MEGA4 was used to calculate genetic distance according to the Kimura 2-parameter model of sequence evolution. Based on the results obtained, the optical density of 260 to 280 nm in the samples was recorded between 1/8 - 2, indicating good quality DNA samples. Optimized PCR reaction to 16SrRNA and COI gene amplification using the gradient between 48 - 60° C showed that the most suitable criteria for binding primers, 48 and 54 Celsius degrees respectively. The project objectives including the identification of the genetic structure of the species, and draw the phylogenetic trees using two genes 16SrRNA and COI, making identification and registration of specified computer storage and regulate the structure and management of mentioned species by focus on genetic resources 5 species of shrimp (P. semisulcatus، P. indicus، P. merguiensis ، P. monodon، M. affinis) in the Persia Gulf and Oman Sea through the creation of an integrated network of aquatic genetic resources in the region to try to identify genetic resources and aquatic gene bank. Molecular investigation of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) using partial sequences of 16S rRNA gene showed relatively low genetic differences between the P. semisulcatus morphotypes. These sequences were able to distinguish between the two morphotypes, and separated them into two distinct clades. Also genetic divergence detected by COI gene analysis was consistently higher. High genetic divergence for COI was observed between the two morphotypes of P.semeisulcatus which emphesise that the gene bank preparation should be perform for this morphotype of this species. This type of analysis could be considered as an important tool to be used in broodstock selection in breeding programs. In this case, different management in broodstocking programs should be performed for two morphotypes of P. semisulcatus which were detected in Persian Gulf. The results of this study show that two Morphotype of P.semisulcatus can be considered as two separate species from genetic aspects. In this regard, it can be assumed that the genetic composition of the studied species is very close together and we've no seen a huge difference in the species except in the green tiger species

Marine Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes: An Overview of Source, Production, Biochemical Properties and Thrombolytic Activity

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as a major threat to global health resulting in a decrease in life expectancy with respect to humans. Thrombosis is one of the foremost causes of CVDs, and it is characterized by the unwanted formation of fibrin clots. Recently, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes due to their specific features have gained much more attention than conventional thrombolytic agents for the treatment of thrombosis. Marine microorganisms including bacteria and microalgae have the significant ability to produce fibrinolytic enzymes with improved pharmacological properties and lesser side effects and, hence, are considered as prospective candidates for large scale production of these enzymes. There are no studies that have evaluated the fibrinolytic potential of marine fungal-derived enzymes. The current review presents an outline regarding isolation sources, production, features, and thrombolytic potential of fibrinolytic biocatalysts from marine microorganisms identified so far

Endemic fishes inhabiting some hot springs of Hormozgan province

This study investigated the fish species inhabiting hot springs of Hormozgan province including Geno, Khoorgoo, Sargez Khoorgoo, Siahkosh and Pahash . According to previous studies and the present study, the Aphanius ginaonis was the unique species in Geno hot spring. Fingerlings and mature females of A. ginaonis were remarkably found in the spring in August. While, previous studies reported the the breeding season for this species in July. Therefore, it is likely that A. ginaonis reproduce throughout the summer. On the other hand A. dispar was found as the unique species in Khoorgoo and Pahash springs. Moreover, a worm form arthropod larvae  was recognized in the gill of Khoorgoo Aphanius. In addition, a remarkable number of A. dispar larvae were observed in August, showing that the reproduction seaoson of this species in the pahash spring is in August. In Sargez Khoorgoo spring, A. dispar with mature ovaries were found in March.  We observed Aphanius sp. and two varieties of Iranian cichlid Iranocichla hormuzensis species that were clearly different in two water sources

Primary study of phylogeny and genetic structure of Banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis in Laft and Sirik estuaries in the Persian Gulf using mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequencing

Banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis is one of the most important shrimp species in the Persian Gulf compromising about 60% of total shrimp catch in Hormozgan Province. Regarding the importance of banana shrimp in fisheries industry, phylogeny and genetic structure of the population of this in Laft and Sirik estuaries in the Persian Gulf was investigated using mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 10 shrimps including 448 aligned base pairs yielded one monomorphic locus, 447 polymorphic loci and seven haplotypes. No insertions and deletions were observed. F- statistic parameter at 95% level of confidence was 0.14 and was not significant between the two populations (P value= 0.08). Phylogenetic trees did not show a differentiated geographical structure between the two regions. Mean values of Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs between the regions were 2.61 and 10.33, respectively. Insignificant values of these tests are indicative of no expansion of F. merguiensis population between the two regions. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the shrimps were 0.933 ± 0.004 and 0.802 ± 0.672, respectively for the two regions. The results of this study revealed that F. merguiensis populations of Laft and Sirik estuaries had high levels of genetic diversity but regarding the value of F- statistic parameter and its significance level, the existence of genetically similar populations could not be deducted with high level of confidence. The results of present study could be considered in fisheries management for restocking programs and conservation of genetic diversity of populations

Genetic identification of Fenneropenaeus vanamei broodstocks in south of Iran (Hormozgan and Bushehr provinces)

Penaeus vanamei is one of the most important penaeide shrimp species in Persian Gulf. This research was carried out to determine the genetic status of broodstocks of this species by sequencing the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). Sampling was performed from two hatcheries in hormozgan province (Kolahi and Tiab) and a hatchery in Bushehr province (Delvar). Seven haplotypes were identified from 502 aligned sequences. Phylogeny study showed that all specimens from the three studied hatcheries were in a main clade with two clusters showing highly Homosigisity of Bushehr and Hormozgan hatcheries. On the other hand, three haplotypes BU. A3, A4, A6 derived from Bushehr area were distinguished from the other haplotypes of Bushehr and Hormozgan regions, showing that the heterozygosity rate in the broodstocks of Bushehr area is much higher than Hormozgan area. The haplotypic status of the COI gene indicates high homozygosity levels among imported broodstocks in hormozgan that can lead to increase in the amount of blood coefficient between broodstocks and decrease in growth and survival rate among postlarves in near future

Evaluation of inhibitory effect of secondary metabolites of Streptomyces sp. Strain SC 190 on polyphenoloxidase activity to prevent melanosis in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Melanosis is a major problem in the marine crustaceans processing industry particularly on shrimps which can lead to financial loss to producers. The cause of this complication is biochemical reactions of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) enzyme and the formation of the dark pigments on shrimp′s body. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of secondary metabolites extracted from SC 190 on PPO activity to achieve a potential alternative for chemical inhibitors implemented for control of melanosis on Pacific white shrimp. In this study, the PPO enzyme was extracted from the cephalothorax of shrimp samples and partially purified. The results showed that extracted metabolites from the strain SC 190 isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria scabra represented inhibitory activity on the PPO enzyme with an IC50 value of 60.69 ± 3.76 µg/mL. The bacterial extracted metabolites could scavenge DPPH free radicals with an IC50 value of 45.10±2.14 µg/mL. The result of the toxicity test showed that the extracted metabolites were not toxic to the human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines. Chemical screening approved the existence of phenolic compounds in the extracted bacterial metabolites. Polyphasic identification of SC 190 isolate revealed that it has belonged to Streptomyces genus and its 16S rRNA gene sequence had 99% homology with S. cellulosae. According to the results, the metabolites extracted from Streptomyces sp. Strain SC 190 can be considered as a potential biopreservative in the preservation of Pacific white shrimp

Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Vibrio harveyi strains isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) in Tiab region, Hormozgan province

In this research Vibrio harveyi strains were isolated and identified from hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei from Tiab region, Hormozgan province. Shrimps samples were collected from five different ponds in northern and southern Tiab shrimp culture sites. Isolation phase was performed by dilution and inoculation of hepatopancreas samples on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar medium. Purified isolates were identified phenotypically based on morphological, biochemical and physiological methods. Genomic DNA of five selected Vibrio harveyi strains were extracted and their 16S rRNA genes were amplified. Comparison of amplified 1000 bp sequence of 16srRNA genes with registered sequences in NCBI gene bank by megablast software exhibited high homology between isolated strains and Vibrio harveyi ATCC BAA-1116. Phylogenetic analysis by MEGA 6 sofware based on neighbour Joining method showed that isolated strains had similar monophyletic origin. According to these results presence of V. harveyi strains in hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei from Tiab region were genetically confirmed

Marine Bacterial Dextranases: Fundamentals and Applications

Dextran, a renewable hydrophilic polysaccharide, is nontoxic, highly stable but intrinsically biodegradable. The α-1, 6 glycosidic bonds in dextran are attacked by dextranase (E.C. 3.2.1.11) which is an inducible enzyme. Dextranase finds many applications such as, in sugar industry, in the production of human plasma substitutes, and for the treatment and prevention of dental plaque. Currently, dextranases are obtained from terrestrial fungi which have longer duration for production but not very tolerant to environmental conditions and have safety concerns. Marine bacteria have been proposed as an alternative source of these enzymes and can provide prospects to overcome these issues. Indeed, marine bacterial dextranases are reportedly more effective and suitable for dental caries prevention and treatment. Here, we focused on properties of dextran, properties of dextran—hydrolyzing enzymes, particularly from marine sources and the biochemical features of these enzymes. Lastly the potential use of these marine bacterial dextranase to remove dental plaque has been discussed. The review covers dextranase-producing bacteria isolated from shrimp, fish, algae, sea slit, and sea water, as well as from macro- and micro fungi and other microorganisms. It is common knowledge that dextranase is used in the sugar industry; produced as a result of hydrolysis by dextranase and have prebiotic properties which influence the consistency and texture of food products. In medicine, dextranases are used to make blood substitutes. In addition, dextranase is used to produce low molecular weight dextran and cytotoxic dextran. Furthermore, dextranase is used to enhance antibiotic activity in endocarditis. It has been established that dextranase from marine bacteria is the most preferable for removing plaque, as it has a high enzymatic activity. This study lays the groundwork for the future design and development of different oral care products, based on enzymes derived from marine bacteria