財政分権化の理念と現実: 財政移転に焦点化して

金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系出版者の許可を得て登録 2019111

ドイツにおける自治体雇用公社と中間的労働市場

金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系出版者の許可を得て登

ドイツ統一後の財政問題: 統一の財政的帰結と東西財政力格差の現段階

本研究は、東西の自治体財政力格差の現段階を分析し、第二次連帯協定の終期の2019年に予定される対東部連邦補完交付金解消の実現可能性を検討することを課題とした。その成果は以下のように総括される。 第一に、州間財政調整と連邦補充交付金を通じた東部州への一般財源移転の規模はなお増加傾向にあり、東部における担税力の弱さゆえに、完全にドイツ統一的な財政調整制度の導入にはまだ時間を要すると考えられる。それゆえ2020年以降、対東部財政移転の枠組みが完全に解消されるとは考えにくい。 とはいえ第二に、第二次連帯協定の含意は、東西格差問題をその終期までに「格差一般」の問題へと解消していくことにある。その背景として、東部の先進地域の財政力は西部の貧困地域のそれに接近しつつあるという事情、また西部の構造弱体地域の社会経済問題も東部同様に放置できないという事情もある。例えば第二次連帯協定の第二バスケットに見られるプログラム補助金については、東部に焦点化したものから西部地域の構造弱体地域をも対象としたものに転換が図られてきていることにもそれは現れている。 第三に、東部の高失業を背景に、05年から施行されたハルツIV改革が東部自治体により大きな財政負担をもたらす結果となった。これは分断の時代の負の遺産としての、東部の社会経済構造上の固有の問題にも規定されているが、この問題を放置すれば、長期的には東部の成長を阻害していく懸念もある。「社会都市」プログラムに見られるような、地域に根ざした都市再生の取り組みが、長期的にみれば東部地域の堅実な成長を支えていくのではないかと考えられる。This research aimed to analyze the west-east gap in local budget at this time, and to examine the reality of abolition of additional supplementary federal funding for the eastern states and municipalities that scheduled until 2019. The results are as follows. 1) Through the revenue sharing between the federal states and the supplementary federal funding, the amount of fiscal transfer is still increasing. It will take more years to bridge the budgetary gap, because the tax revenue is far below the level of western federal states in eastern states. It is difficult to imagine, therefore, that there are no fiscal transfer to eastern federal states and municipalities after 2020. 2)"Solidarity Pact II (as of 2005)" however implies that the west-east gap brought about by reunification should be merged into the difference in general in the future. In fact the budgets of the stronger federal states in the east are catching up with the weaker federal states in the west, and socio- economic problem of regions with weak industrial structure in western states also should not be neglect. We can find such an implication in the \u27Basket II" of Solidarity Pact II, where the target of programs and grants moves from eastern area to weaker structured area in overall Germany. 3) "Hartz IV" reform introduced in 2005 has brought an increasing fiscal burden to the eastern municipality with the higher unemployment. There are peculiar socio-economic handicaps due to negative assets from divided era, namely mismatching in labor market, absence of civil society, decrepitated infrastructure and so on. Leaving these problems can retard the economic development of eastern area. Activities rooted in the local community, as can see in many practices of "Soziale Stadt"(socially integrative city) program, are expected to resolve these problems.研究課題/領域番号:16530213, 研究期間(年度):2004–2007出典：「ドイツ統一後の財政問題: 統一の財政的帰結と東西財政力格差の現段階」研究成果報告書　課題番号16530213 (KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）)　　　本文データは著者版報告書より作

ドイツにおける自治体雇用公社と中間的労働市場

金沢大学人間社会研究域経済学経営学系For disadvantaged people in the general labor market, it is necessary to create a type of workplace which encourages them to gradually participate in an occupational life, accompanied by the benefits of minimum life support and subsistence for the social life. In this paper, we call such kind of workplaces as “intermediate labor market.” In intermediate labor market in Germany, municipal employment corporations have played a central role between other actors, like NGOs, small volunteer organizations, companies, i.e. so-called “WISEs” (Work Integration Social Enterprises). However, municipal employment corporations have also been at the mercy of labor market reforms of the federal government and have undergone the process of rise, decline and reorganization. Municipal employment corporations initially grew under local authorities suffering from rising social assistance costs to push back the burden of unemployment onto the framework of employment insurance. However, this "switch" function was later lost with the Hartz reforms because of the period of unemployment assistance. After that, the position of the municipal employment corporations was largely influenced by the operation system of SGBII (job seeker basic guarantee). Under the operation of “ARGE”, cooperation of the federal employment agency and local authority, municipal employment corporations were reduced in size,abolished or privatized. Nonetheless, these corporations under the “authorized municipality model” were able to survive as a central player in the employment support measures of SGBII. This difference symbolizes the two orientations of intermediate labor market policy, centralized control and the competition principle of the labor market policy on the one hand, and the decentralized operation in the relationship with local actors on the other. However, present municipal employment corporations cannot directly employ long-term unemployed people; instead, they are responsible for providing support measures, such as employment opportunities and vocational education and training , but do not provide employment with social insurance as they did before the Hartz reforms. Current municipal employment corporations have been shifting their focus to the function of nurturing the intermediate labor market or developing new employment opportunities in cooperation with various WISEs and business establishments within their region