The prevalent genotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Japan, Germany and the United States of America

Genotypes and subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus（BVDV）field isolates from Japan, Germany and the United States of America（USA）were identified, and the prevalent pattern of BVDV in individual countries was estimated genetically. Subgenotypes were determined based on phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences of a part of the E２‐coding gene of BVDV. Forty-five，６１and５６BVDV strains were isolated from naturally infected cattle in Japan, Germany and USA, respectively, between１９８０and２００３．The most prevalent BVDV in these three countries was BVDV‐１b. The second most prevalent BVDV strains were １a，１d and BVDV‐２ in Japan, Germany and USA, respectively. The most prevalent subgenotype １b in each country constructed individual small clusters in the subgenotype１b branch in the phylogenetic tree. Although cattle and/or cattle products were moving among the three countries as part of international trade, the distribution of BVDV in the field in each country showed long-standing individual patterns

Availability of oral swab sample for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) gene from the cattle persistently infected with BVDV

Bovine nasal and oral discharges were used as samples for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) gene detection. Viral genes in serum (S), nasal discharge (N) and oral discharge (O) were quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green by the relative quantification method, and findings were compared among samples. Although the quantity of the BVDV gene in S was greater than those in N and O, all samples were available to identify persistently infected (PI) cattle with BVDV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The swab samples were able to be stored for a few days at 4℃with a little decrease of amplification signal in RT-PCR. Oral swab sampling was easier than nasal swab sampling, and was also less uncomfortable for the cattle than other sampling methods without pain or unnecessary retention. This sampling method can be performed without any special technique and equipment. Therefore, the oral swab sampling method is useful for screening to detect BVDV PI cattle by RT-PCR