138 research outputs found
Effect of drug-to-lipid ratio on nanodisc-based tenofovir drug delivery to the brain for HIV-1 infection
Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy has significantly advanced HIV-1 infection treatment. However, HIV-1 remains persistent in the brain; the inaccessibility of the bloodтАУbrain barrier allows for persistent HIV-1 infections and neuroinflammation. Nanotechnology-based drug carriers such as nanodiscoidal bicelles can provide a solution to combat this challenge.
Methods: This study investigated the safety and extended release of a combination antiretroviral therapy drug (tenofovir)-loaded nanodiscs for HIV-1 treatment in the brain both in vitro and in vivo.
Result: The nanodiscs entrapped the drug in their interior hydrophobic core and released the payload at the desired location and in a controlled release pattern. The study also included a comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of nanodisc formulations in in vitro and in vivo models.
Conclusion: The study provides potential applications of nanodiscs for HIV-1 therapy development
Stock assessment of seerfishes in the Indian seas
The annual average catch of seerfishes from the Indian seas was 45,0601 during
1995-'99, which constituted 1.8% of the total marine fish catch in India. State-wise
Gujarat (28.5%) was the major producer followed by Tamilnadu (15.8%), Maharashtra
(15.4%), Andhra Pradesh (11.4%) and Kerala (10.5%). Gill net is the dominant
gear in exploiting seerfish followed by trawl, hooks & line, boat seines, shore seines
and purse seines. Among the five species, the kingseer Scomberomorus commerson
(59.0%) and the spotted seer S. guttatus (35.1%) sustained the fishery, while the
streaked seer S.lineolatus and the wahoo Acanthocybium solandri formed only a
negligible portion of the fisher
CMFRI Marine Fisheries Policy Series No-6; Non-Detriment Findings (NDF) for the export of Shark and Ray species listed in Appendix II of the CITES and harvested from Indian waters
This document entitled тАЬGuidance on National Plan of Action for Sharks in IndiaтАЭ is
intended as a guidance to the NPOA-Sharks, and seeks to (1) present an overview of
the current status of IndiaтАЩs shark fishery, (2) assess the current management measures
and their effectiveness, (3) identify the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in
NPOA-Sharks and (4) suggest a theme-based action plan for NPOA-Sharks
Status of exploitation of seerfishes in the Indian seas
Seerfish production from the Indian seas during the past five decades from 1950s to
1990s, showed an increasing trend. The annual catch increased from 4,505 t in
1953 to 54,8761 in 1998. The average annual catch during the five decadal periods
k-aried from 7,278 t in 1950-'59 to 41,575 t in 1990-'99 contributing 1.5% and
1.75% respectively to the total marine fish catch of India. However, the rate of
increase through the successive decades decreased indicating the attainment of op-
;imum level of production currently. During 1950-'59, the east coast contributed
more (60%) than the west coast (40%), which changed to 36:64 during 1990-'99.
iVmong the maritime states of India, Gujarat (25.88%), Maharashtra (16.09%),
familnadu (13.59%), Kerala (13.07%) and Andhra Pradesh (12.68%) were the prime
seerfish producers during 1990-'99. Gill net (64.8%) was the dominant gear, folowed
by trawl (17.4%) and hooks and line (4%) with an average catch rate of 8.1
<g/unit, 0.24 kg/hr and 3.7 kg/unit respectively during 1995-'99. Among the five
species, the fishery was sustained only by two species viz., the king seer
Scomberomorus commerson and the spotted seer S.guttatus
Minimum Legal Size proposed for commercially exploited marine finfish and shellfish resources of Tamil Nadu
Marine fisheries in Tamil Nadu have undergone
tremendous change in terms of fishing pattern, fishing
method, extension of fishing grounds, composition
of fish catch and consequent increase in the total
fish catch in recent years. The recent demand from
industries involved in fish meal and fish oil encourages
targeted fishing for by-catch resulting in heavy landing
of low value by-catch in certain places along Tamil
Nadu coast. These by-catch are often dominated by
juveniles of many commercially important marine
finfishes and shell fishes. So it warrants some caution
and intervention. One of the methods to discourage
the indiscriminate exploitation of juveniles is to
impose a Minimum Legal Size (MLS) which is the size
at which a particular species can be legally retained
if caught. The advantage of a MLS is that it aids in
the control of two major problems in the fisheries
management, growth overfishing and recruitment
overfishing either by increasing the minimum size of
harvest or by increasing or maintaining the size of
the spawning stock. The most common method of
increasing the reproductive output through the use
of size limits is to set the minimum size at which the
females become sexually mature. As the individuals
of a species do not attain sexual maturity at the same
size, it can be a size at which higher proportions are
mature
Status of exploitation of coastal tunas in the Indian seas
Tuna and billfish production from Indian seas during the period 1985-'99 evinced an
increasing trend and the landings fluctuated between 24,287 t (1987) and
53,6621 (1992). The average annual production during the said period was 40,2041,
contributing to 3.6% of the total pelagic fish landings and 1.8% of the total marine
fish landings. On an average, 24% of the total tuna and billfish production during
1991-'99 was contributed by northwest coast, 2% by Andaman and Nicobar islands
and 14.9% by Lakshadweep. Among the maritime states, Kerala (36 %), Gujarat
(18.1%) Tamilnadu (11.6%), Maharashtra (5.9%), Kamataka (5%), Andhra Pradesh
(4.4 %) and Goa (2%) were the prime tuna producing states
Stock assessment of coastal tunas in the Indian seas
Tuna and billfish production from the Indian coastal waters, Lakshadweep and
Andaman and Nicobar islands during the period 1985-'99 averaged 40,204 t. The
contribution by E.affinis, Athazard, T.tonggol, K.pelamis and T.albacares (young
ones) were 18,5041,6,8521,3,093 t, 3,3921 and 2,2111 respectively. Drift gill net
was the major gear employed in the coastal tuna fishery. The length frequency data
collected on the above species during 1990-'98 at seven centres along the Indian
coast were analysed employing FiSAT programme to estimate their growth and
mortality parameters, exploitation rates and relative yield per recmit
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