1,161 research outputs found
Change Detection: Paying Attention To Detail Detail
Changes made during a brief visual interruption sometimes go undetected, even when the object undergoing the change is at the center of the observer's interest and spatial attention (Simons & Levin, 1998). This study examined two potentially important attentional variables in change blindness: spatial distribution, manipulated via set size, and detail level, varied by having the change at either the global or local level of a compound letter. Experiment 1 revealed that both types of change were equally detectable in a single item, but that global change was detected more readily when attention was distributed among several items. Variation of target level probability in Experiment 2 showed further that observers could flexibly set the detail level in monitoring both single and multiple items. Sensitivity to change therefore depends not only on the spatial focus of attention; it depends critically on the match between the detail level of the change and the level-readiness of the observer
Whatâs in a Friendship? Partner Visibility Supports Cognitive Collaboration between Friends
Not all cognitive collaborations are equally effective. We tested whether friendship and communication influenced collaborative efficiency by randomly assigning participants to complete a cognitive task with a friend or non-friend, while visible to their partner or separated by a partition. Collaborative efficiency was indexed by comparing each pairâs performance to an optimal individual performance model of the same two people. The outcome was a strong interaction between friendship and partner visibility. Friends collaborated more efficiently than non-friends when visible to one another, but a partition that prevented pair members from seeing one another reduced the collaborative efficiency of friends and non-friends to a similar lower level. Secondary measures suggested that verbal communication differences, but not psychophysiological arousal, contributed to these effects. Analysis of covariance indicated that females contributed more than males to overall levels of collaboration, but that the interaction of friendship and visibility was independent of that effect. These findings highlight the critical role of partner visibility in the collaborative success of friends
Rembrandt\u27s Textural Agency: A Shared Perspective in Visual Art and Science
This interdisciplinary paper hypothesizes that Rembrandt developed new painterly techniques â novel to the early modern period â in order to engage and direct the gaze of the observer. Though these methods were not based on scientific evidence at the time, we show that they nonetheless are consistent with a contemporary understanding of human vision. Here we propose that artists in the late âearly modernâ period developed the technique of textural agency â involving selective variation in image detail â to guide the observerâs eye and thereby influence the viewing experience. The paper begins by establishing the well-known use of textural agency among modern portrait artists, before considering the possibility that Rembrandt developed these techniques in his late portraits in reaction to his Italian contemporaries. A final section brings the argument full circle, with the presentation of laboratory evidence that Rembrandtâs techniques indeed guide the modern viewerâs eye in the way we propose
Attention and visual memory in visualization and computer graphics
AbstractâA fundamental goal of visualization is to produce images of data that support visual analysis, exploration, and discovery of novel insights. An important consideration during visualization design is the role of human visual perception. How we âsee â details in an image can directly impact a viewerâs efficiency and effectiveness. This paper surveys research on attention and visual perception, with a specific focus on results that have direct relevance to visualization and visual analytics. We discuss theories of low-level visual perception, then show how these findings form a foundation for more recent work on visual memory and visual attention. We conclude with a brief overview of how knowledge of visual attention and visual memory is being applied in visualization and graphics. We also discuss how challenges in visualization are motivating research in psychophysics
Facial actions as visual cues for personality
What visual cues do human viewers use to assign personality characteristics to animated characters?
While most facial animation systems associate facial actions to limited emotional states or speech content,
the present paper explores the above question by relating the perception of personality to a wide variety of
facial actions (e.g., head tilting/turning, and eyebrow raising) and emotional expressions (e.g., smiles and
frowns). Animated characters exhibiting these actions and expressions were presented to human viewers in
brief videos. Human viewers rated the personalities of these characters using a well-standardized adjective
rating system borrowed from the psychological literature. These personality descriptors are organized in a
multidimensional space that is based on the orthogonal dimensions of Desire for Affiliation and Displays of
Social Dominance. The main result of the personality rating data was that human viewers associated
individual facial actions and emotional expressions with specific personality characteristics very reliably. In
particular, dynamic facial actions such as head tilting and gaze aversion tended to spread ratings along the
Dominance dimension, whereas facial expressions of contempt and smiling tended to spread ratings along
the Affiliation dimension. Furthermore, increasing the frequency and intensity of the head actions increased
the perceived Social Dominance of the characters. We interpret these results as pointing to a reliable link
between animated facial actions/expressions and the personality attributions they evoke in human viewers.
The paper shows how these findings are used in our facial animation system to create perceptually valid
personality profiles based on Dominance and Affiliation as two parameters that control the facial actions of
autonomous animated characters
Competition for consciousness among visual events: The psychophysics of reentrant visual processes.
Visual similarity in masking and priming: The critical role of task relevance
Cognitive scientists use rapid image sequences to study both the emergence of
conscious perception (visual masking) and the unconscious processes involved in
response preparation (masked priming). The present study asked two questions:
(1) Does image similarity influence masking and priming in the same way? (2) Are
similarity effects in both tasks governed by the extent of feature overlap in
the images or only by task-relevant features? Participants in Experiment 1
classified human faces using a single dimension even though the faces varied in
three dimensions (emotion, race, sex). Abstract geometric shapes and colors were
tested in the same way in Experiment 2. Results showed that similarity
reduced the visibility of the target in the masking task
and increased response speed in the priming task, pointing to a
double-dissociation between the two tasks. Results also showed that only
task-relevant (not objective) similarity influenced masking and priming,
implying that both tasks are influenced from the beginning by intentions of the
participant. These findings are interpreted within the framework of a reentrant
theory of visual perception. They imply that intentions can influence object
formation prior to the separation of vision for perception and vision for
action
The Role of Haptic Expectations in Reaching to Grasp: From Pantomime to Natural Grasps and Back Again
© Copyright © 2020 Whitwell, Katz, Goodale and Enns. When we reach to pick up an object, our actions are effortlessly informed by the objectâs spatial information, the position of our limbs, stored knowledge of the objectâs material properties, and what we want to do with the object. A substantial body of evidence suggests that grasps are under the control of âautomatic, unconsciousâ sensorimotor modules housed in the âdorsal streamâ of the posterior parietal cortex. Visual online feedback has a strong effect on the handâs in-flight grasp aperture. Previous work of ours exploited this effect to show that grasps are refractory to cued expectations for visual feedback. Nonetheless, when we reach out to pretend to grasp an object (pantomime grasp), our actions are performed with greater cognitive effort and they engage structures outside of the dorsal stream, including the ventral stream. Here we ask whether our previous finding would extend to cued expectations for haptic feedback. Our method involved a mirror apparatus that allowed participants to see a âvirtualâ target cylinder as a reflection in the mirror at the start of all trials. On âhaptic feedbackâ trials, participants reached behind the mirror to grasp a size-matched cylinder, spatially coincident with the virtual one. On âno-haptic feedbackâ trials, participants reached behind the mirror and grasped into âthin airâ because no cylinder was present. To manipulate haptic expectation, we organized the haptic conditions into blocked, alternating, and randomized schedules with and without verbal cues about the availability of haptic feedback. Replicating earlier work, we found the strongest haptic effects with the blocked schedules and the weakest effects in the randomized uncued schedule. Crucially, the haptic effects in the cued randomized schedule was intermediate. An analysis of the influence of the upcoming and immediately preceding haptic feedback condition in the cued and uncued random schedules showed that cuing the upcoming haptic condition shifted the haptic influence on grip aperture from the immediately preceding trial to the upcoming trial. These findings indicate that, unlike cues to the availability of visual feedback, participants take advantage of cues to the availability of haptic feedback, flexibly engaging pantomime, and natural modes of grasping to optimize the movement
Theory of terahertz electric oscillations by supercooled superconductors
We predict that below T_c a regime of negative differential conductivity
(NDC) can be reached. The superconductor should be supercooled to T<T_c in the
normal phase under DC voltage. In such a nonequilibrium situation the NDC of
the superconductor is created by the excess conductivity of the fluctuation
Cooper pairs. We propose NDC of supercooled superconductors to be used as an
active medium for generation of electric oscillations. Such generators can be
used in the superconducting electronics as a new type THz source of radiation.
Oscillations can be modulated by the change of the bias voltage, electrostatic
doping by a gate electrode when the superconductor is the channel of a field
effect transistor, or by light. When small amplitude oscillations are
stabilized near the critical temperature T_c the generator can be used as a
bolometer. The essential for the applications NDC is predicted by the solution
of the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the metastable in the normal phase Cooper
pairs. Boltzmann equation for fluctuation Cooper pairs is a result of
state-of-the-art application of the microscopic theory of superconductivity.
Our theoretical conclusions are based on some approximations like time
dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory, but nevertheless can reliably predict
appearance of NDC. The maximal frequency at which superconductors can operate
as generators is determined by the critical temperature \hbar omega_max ~ k_B
T_c. For high-T_c superconductors this maximal frequency falls well inside the
terahertz range. Technical conditions to avoid nucleation of the
superconducting phase are briefly discussed. We suggest that nanostructured
high-T_c superconductors patterned in a single chip can give the best technical
performance of the proposed oscillator.Comment: 7 page
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