Sefty and efficacy of Vitamin-D supplementation among eldrely people

Vitamin D is essential to maintain the health status and the normal function in multiple organs in human. The potential role in prevention as well as correlation in certain morbidities have been revealed recently. Advanced age, four-wall trapped lifestyle, low exposure to sunlight and insignificant dietary Vit-D intake are the major factors associated with VitD deficiency. An observational study conducted between 2015 -2017 included elderly patients hospitalized in geriatrics facilities at Zala-megyei Szt Rafael County Hospital. Patient characteristics by key medical history parameters and diagnoses were analyzed by the severity of VitD deficiency. The efficacy of standard dose with a combination of loading –maintenece Vit D supplementation was assessed. Significant Vitamin D deficiency was observed among the elderly people. The deficiency was over 90%, and half of the subjects who had no prior vitamin D supplementation did not reach the level of serious deficiency. The efficacy of Vit D treatment elevating the 25(OH)D levels was observed in most patients receiving at least 1000ÍU daily doses in average. Treatment with slow uploading doses – 30000 IU /week for 3 months significantly increased the median 25(OH)D levels. over one year period. Vit D deficiency among hospitalized elderly people are significant and may have critical impact on their health status. Periodic support with Vitamin D may not provide enough sources to maintain the recommended 25(OH)D levels. A therapy starting with a slow loading dose of 30000 IU/week for 3 months proven to be efficient and to reach the targeted levels. Continuous maintenance doses are necessary even over the summer period

Role of salsolinol in the regulation of pituitary prolactin and peripheral dopamine release

(R)‐Salsolinol (SAL), a dopamine (DA)‐related tetrahydroisoquinoline, has been found in extracts of the neuro‐intermediate lobes (NIL) of pituitary glands and in the median eminence of the hypothalamus obtained from intact male rats and from ovariectomized and lactating female rats. Moreover, analysis of SAL concentrations in NIL revealed parallel increases with plasma prolactin (PRL) in lactating rats exposed to a brief (10 min) suckling stimulus after 4‐h separation. SAL is sufficiently potent in vivo to account for the massive discharge of PRL that occurs after physiological stimuli (i.e. suckling). At the same time, it was without effect on the secretion of other pituitary hormones. It has been also shown that another isoquinoline derivative, 1‐methyldihydroisoquinoline (1MeDIQ), which is a structural analogue of SAL, can dose‐dependently inhibit the in‐vivo PRL‐releasing effect of SAL. Moreover, 1MeDIQ can inhibit the elevation of plasma PRL induced by physiological stimuli, for example suckling, or in different stressful situations also. 1MeDIQ also has a psycho‐stimulant action, which is fairly similar to the effect of amphetamine, i.e. it induces an increase in plasma catecholamine concentrations. It is clear from these data that this newly discovered endogenous compound could be involved in regulation of pituitary PRL secretion. It has also been observed that SAL is present in peripheral, sympathetically innervated organs, for example the atrium, spleen, liver, ovaries, vas deferens, and salivary gland. Furthermore, SAL treatment of rats results in dose‐dependent and time‐dependent depletion of the DA content of the organs listed above without having any effect on the concentration of norepinephrine. More importantly, this effect of SAL can be completely prevented by amphetamine and by 1MeDIQ pretreatment. It is clear there is a mutual interaction between SAL, 1MeDIQ, and amphetamine or alcohol, not only on PRL release; their interaction with catecholamine “synthesis/metabolism” of sympathetic nerve terminals is also obvious

Effect of neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate on dopaminergic and L-DOPA-ergic neurons of the medial basal hypothalamus and on prolactin and MSH secretion of rats

The effect of neonatal treatment with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) on the dopaminergic systems of the medial basal hypothalamus has been investigated using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) immunocytochemistry. Changes in plasma levels of prolactin (PRL) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) have also been determined in intact and in MSG-treated rats after inhibition of TH by α-methyl-p-tyrosine (α-MpT) or without inhibition of enzyme activity. Monosodium glutamate resulted in a 40% reduction in the number of TH immunopositive tuberoinfundibular neurons, but no change in the number of AADC-positive tuberoinfundibular nerve cells, indicating that this reduction has occurred mainly in TH-positive but AADC-negative elements, i.e., in L-DOPA-ergic neurons. In contrast, MSG did not cause changes in the number of TH and AADC immunoreactive neurons of the periventriculohypophysial and tuberohypophysial dopaminergic systems, and it did not influence basal plasma PRL levels. α-methyl-p-tyrosine has increased plasma PRL concentrations in both control and MSG-treated rats of both sexes, but significantly higher responses were detected in females. None of the treatments had any effect on plasma MSH level. These findings suggest that MSG affects primarily L-DOPA-ergic neurons located in the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus, but not dopaminergic neurons situated in the dorsomedial part of the arcuate nucleus; neither PRL nor MSH secretion is altered by MSG; a significant sex difference exists in the pituitary PRL response to inhibition of TH, and this response is not affected by MSG

Effect of posterior pituitary denervation (PPD) on prolactin (PRL) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) secretion of lactating rats

Previous data have clearly suggested that the posteriorpituitary (PP), consisting of neural lobe (NL) and intermediatelobe (IL), has a role in the control of anterior pituitaryPRL secretion. However, basic aspects of this regulatory mechanismlike (1), the role of an intact hypothalamic innervation ofthe PP as well as (2) the site of production of previously foundPRL releasing substance(s) have not yet been characterized.Denervation of the PP (PPD) is an effective method for having aselective lesion of the innervation of PP, indeed, PPD results ina disappearance of neurosecretory materials from NL and tyrosinehydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity from IL, leaving bloodsupply of all three lobes intact. Blood samples were taken fromfreely moving sham and PP-denervated lactating rats before andafter 4-h separation from their pups and during the sucklingstimulus. PPD blocks separation-induced depletion but only attenuatessuckling induced release of PRL. Furthermore, it doublesplasma level of a-MSH during the entire sampling period,which has been used as a marker for in vivo secretory activityof IL cells. Lack of the separation-induced depression in plasmaPRL of PPD animals can be partially restored by normalizing thediabetes insipidus with treatment of a vasopressin analogue, 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (dDAVP). In contrast, d-DAVP, neither alone nor in combination with oxytocin (OXY), canchange PPD-induced elevation of plasma a-MSH as well as attenuationof PRL response induced by suckling. It is concludedthat: (1) contribution of the THDA system parallel to the confirmedrole in the regulation of a-MSH seems to be crucial forthe depletion of plasma PRL induced by separation but not forthe elevation due to suckling stimulus, (2) intact hypothalamicinnervations of both NL and IL, regulating water intake and thesecretion of a-MSH, respectively, are necessary for normal secretoryresponses of AL during lactation, (3) as well as for thepresence of PRF activity in PP, (4) which does not solely responsiblefor suckling-induced PRL release. Therefore, an interplaybetween several substances produced by NIL of the pituitarygland must have been responsible for the intactregulation of PRL secretion during lactation

Safety and Efficacy of Weekly 30,000 IU Vitamin D Supplementation as a Slower Loading Dose Administration Compared to a Daily Maintenance Schedule in Deficient Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Introduction: The primary objective of the study was to assess the safety and the efficacy of a “Slower Loading” dose of 30,000 IU vitamin D3 supplementation administered in a weekly schedule for 12 weeks in vitamin D deficient patients compared to the daily equivalent dose of 1000 IU/day regimens in a clinical trial.Methods: This open label, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial was performed during the spring and summer period enrolling adult subjects with 25O HD levels 30 ng/ml): 91% vs. 10% of subjects in after 8 weeks with 30,000 IU/wk and 1000 IU/d doses and 95% vs. 24% by end of the 12 weeks of treatment. The treatment-related increment potential was in a range of 2.26-2.92 ng/week for the weekly 30K dosing group compared to 1.32-1.70 ng/week for the 1000 IU/day standard maintenance dose group after 8 weeks.Treatment with 30,000 IU doses of Vitamin D3 in a weekly administration for 12 weeks did not abolish serum calcium levels. No difference in frequency of laboratory adverse events and other safety parameters was observed compared to lower maintenance doses or to control group.Conclusion: The safety of weekly loading oral doses of 30,000 IU vitamin D3 tablets was demonstrated and efficacy compared to the maintenance treatment with a daily dose equivalent of 1000 IU/d, in a daily or in monthly schedule in vitamin D deficient, adult population. Weekly administration of 30,000 IU loading dose for 12 weeks does not raise safety concern, but provides an effective tool for normalization of 25O HD levels to the desirable level of >30ng/mL in deficient patients