39 research outputs found
A nátriumfelhalmozĂłdás vizsgálata a szikesedĂ©s szempontjábĂłl ásványtani modell kĂsĂ©rletekkel = The investigation of sodium accumulation by mineralogical experiments for the study of salinization and alkalinization in soils
A szikes talajok meghatározĂł folyamata a nátrium-felhalmozĂłdás, ahol nátriumionok eredetĂ©nek egyik lehetsĂ©ges magyarázata a kĹ‘zetek mállása. A hazai jellemzĹ‘ szikes terĂĽletek alatti talajvizek feltĂ©telezhetĹ‘ utánpĂłtlási terĂĽletein (pl. az Északi-közĂ©phg., illetve az Alföld, valamint Velencei-hg. Ă©s Sopron-kĹ‘szegi hg.,) elĹ‘fordulĂł leggyakoribb kĹ‘zetekkel mállasztási kĂsĂ©rleteket vĂ©geztĂĽnk (három savas Ă©s rĂ©szben egy lĂşgos kivonĂłszerrel). A legtöbb nátriumtartalom a bazaltbĂłl, valamint az andezitekbĹ‘l oldĂłdott ki, ami növelheti e terĂĽleteken (pl. Északi-közĂ©phg-ben) a talajvĂz nátriumtartalmát. A hegysĂ©gi többi Ă©s kĂĽlönösen az Alföld leggyakoribb kĹ‘zeteinĂ©l e hatással jĂłval kisebb mĂ©rtĂ©kben lehet számolni. A szikes talajokban a nátriumdĂşsulás egyik alapvetĹ‘ formája a sĂłk felhalmozĂłdása. FelszĂni sĂłkivirágzásos helyeken talajvĂzmintákat vettĂĽnk, amelyekbĹ‘l rĂ©szmintákat klĂmakamrában a hazai, nyári, meleg idĹ‘szakokra jellemzĹ‘ hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet Ă©s relatĂv páratartalom Ă©rtĂ©keknĂ©l bepároltuk Ă©s meghatároztuk a kĂ©pzĹ‘dĹ‘ sóásványokat. A sóásványok az idĹ‘járási tĂ©nyezĹ‘kkel (hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet, relatĂv páratartalom) kevĂ©sbĂ©, a talajvĂz-talajoldat összetĂ©telĂ©vel azonban egyĂ©rtelmű összefĂĽggĂ©st mutattak. A talajvĂz összetĂ©telĂ©nek nátriumionok dominanciája melletti változatosságát a kĂ©pzĹ‘dött sóásványok milyensĂ©ge jelzi. Egyes sóásványok elĹ‘fordulása a talajfelszĂnen pedig a talajvĂz-talajoldat Ă©s az egyĂ©b talajásványok kölcsönhatásának (pl. egyes ionok ismĂ©telt oldĂłdásának) következmĂ©nye. | The decisive process in the formation of salt-affected soils is the sodium accumulation. A possible origin of sodium ions is the weathering of rocks in the environment. Weathering experiments (with three kinds of acid and one kind of alkaline) were carried out on the most common rocks in the recharge areas of groundwaters of characteristic salt-affected areas (North Hungarian Mountains, Lowland, Velencei and Sopron-KĹ‘szeg Mountains). Most sodium content was dissolved from basalt and andezites and contributes to the sodium concentrations of groundwaters (e.g. in the North Hungarian Mountains). This contribution of weathering of other rocks sampled in the mountains and especially the most common sediments of the Lowland is much less. One of the principal ways of sodium accumulations in salt-affected soils is crystallization of salt (minerals). Groundwaters were sampled in sites with surface efflorescences, and aliquots were evaporated in an environmental chamber with parameters (temperature and relatĂve humidity) characteristic to weather conditions of hot summer periods. There was barely any relationship between the occurrences of salt minerals and weather parameters, but clear one was found between the occurrences of salt minerals and the composition of groundwaters. The occurrences of some minerals in surface efflorescences are due to solid-liquid phase interactions in soils e. g. the repeated solution of some ions
Aminosavak és származékainak kromatográfiás vizsgálata. Királis kromatográfia = Chromatography of amino acids and its derivatives. Chiral chromatography.
Az aminosav szintĂ©zisek többnyire racĂ©m keverĂ©ket eredmĂ©nyeznek, illetve a sztereospecifikus szintĂ©zis sem vezet királisan tiszta termĂ©khez. ElsĹ‘dleges fontosságĂş a királis tisztaság ellenĹ‘rzĂ©sĂ©re. A nemfehĂ©rje alkotĂł aminosavak közĂĽl szintetizáltuk Ă©s kromatográfiásan vizsgáltuk az alifás Ă©s aromás szubsztituenst tartalmazĂł glicin, fenilalanin, prolin, tirozin, triptofán analĂłgokat, Ăź- Ă©s szekunder aminosavakat. Az izokinolinok, Ăź-laktámok, "Betti bázisok", bikalutamid Ă©s közti Ă©s mellĂ©ktermĂ©keinek királis kromatográfiás elválasztása szintĂ©n feladatunk volt. A kromatográfiás elválasztásokhoz közvetlen Ă©s közvetett folyadĂ©kkromatográfiát alkalmaztunk. A közvetett mĂłdszerekhez királis származĂ©kkĂ©pzĹ‘ket alkalmaztunk Ă©s Ăşjakat is szintetizáltunk. Az Ăşjonnan bevezetett királis állĂłfázisaink antibiotikum, α- Ă©s Ăź-ciklodextrin, kinin-analĂłg, koronaĂ©ter Ă©s cellulĂłz alapĂşak voltak. Ăšj szteroid alapĂş állĂłfázisunkkal a kĂsĂ©rletek jelenleg is folynak. Kinin Ă©s cellulĂłz alapĂş állĂłfázisok esetĂ©n a retenciĂł hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet fĂĽggĂ©sĂ©bĹ‘l meghatároztuk a fázisátmenetek entalpia Ă©s entrĂłpia fĂĽggĂ©sĂ©t Ă©s a termodinamikai adatokbĂłl következtettĂĽnk a retenciĂł mechanizmusára. Az Ăşj aminosavakat TIPP Ă©s endomorfin-1 Ă©s ?2 analĂłgokba Ă©pĂtettĂĽk be Ă©s mĂłdszereket dolgoztunk ki az epimer peptidek elválasztására Ă©s az aminosavak konfiguráciĂłjának meghatározására. Endomorfin Ă©s TIPP analĂłgok esetĂ©n patkányagy homogenizátumban in vitro kĂsĂ©rleteket vĂ©geztĂĽnk a legstabilisabb analĂłgok meghatározására. | The syntheses of amino acids generally results in racemic mixtures even in the case of asymmetric synthesis enantiomers exhibits some impurities. Therefore there is a need to check the chiral purity. Of non-proteinogenic amino acids the following were synthesized and investigated by chromatographic methods: glycine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine and triptophane analogs, Ăź- and secunder amino acids. Starting materials of important pharmacons, like isoquinolines, Ăź-lactams, Betti bases, bicalutamide and its precursors also were synthesized. Indirect liquid chromatographic separations were carried out by application of chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs) and new CDAs were also synthesized. For direct methods the chiral stationary phases were based on macrocyclic antibiotics, Ăź-ciklodextrins, chinchona alkaloids, crown ethers and derivatized cellulose. New steroid-based stationary phase was also synthesized. In the case of stationary phases containing chinchona alkaloids and derivatized cellulose as selectors thermodynamic data were gained from the temperature dependence of retention and the possible mechanism of separation was established. The new amino acids were built into TIPP and endomorphine analogs. Chromatographic methods were developed for the separation of peptide epimers and identification of configuration of amino acids. The in vitro investigation of degradation of TIPP and endomorphins in brain homogenate helped to develop more resistant analogs
Magyarországi vörösagyagok ásványtani összetétele, talajtani és mikromorfológiai jellemzői
The mineralogical composition of calcium and calcium-magnesium carbonate pedofeatures of calcareous soils in the European prairie ecodivision in Hungary
Abstract
There is little data on the mineralogy of carbonate pedofeatures in the calcareous soils in Hungary which belong to the European prairie ecodivision. The aim of the present study is to enrich these data.
The mineralogical composition of the carbonate pedofeatures from characteristic profiles of the calcareous soils in Hungary was studied by X-ray diffractometry, thermal analysis, SEM combined with microanalysis, and stable isotope determination.
Regarding carbonate minerals only aragonite, calcite (+ magnesian calcite) and dolomite (+proto-dolomite) were identified in carbonate grains, skeletons and pedofeatures.
The values relating, respectively, to stable isotope compositions (C13, O18) of carbonates in chernozems and in salt-affected soils were in the same range as those for recent soils (latter data reported earlier). There were no considerable differences between the values for the carbonate nodules and tubules from the same horizons, nor were there significant variations between the values of the same pedofeatures from different horizons (BC-C) of the same profile. Thus it can be assumed that there were no considerable changes in conditions of formation.
Tendencies were recognized in the changes of (i) carbonate mineral associations, (ii) the MgCO3 content of calcites, (iii) the corrected decomposition temperatures, and (iv) the activation energies of carbonate thermal decompositions among the various substance-regimes of soils.
Differences were found in substance-regimes types of soils rather than in soil types