The Significance of Androgen Receptor in Oncogenesis and Cancer Treatment: Emphasis on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that is dependent upon ligand activation and is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. AR has been found to have a role in cancers of the prostate, breast, ovarian, nasal cavity, and lung. It has been seen that AR plays a significant role in both the early and later stages of prostate cancer as AR is expressed in almost every primary prostate cancer. An evolving prognostic and therapeutic role of AR also exists in breast cancer as increased expression of AR has been linked to improved survival. In the case of OSCC, the role of hormonal therapy as a prognostic marker remains to be explored. Some reports have failed to identify the expression of AR in oral cavity cancers or any significant associations, while others have predicted AR-expressing tumours to have a worse prognosis. This review narrates the current research on AR and how it can be applied in future research

SOLID PHASE MICROBIAL FERMENTATION OF ANABOLIC STEROID, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE WITH ASCOMYCETE FUNGUS FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM

Objective: Microbial catalysis is used in the commercial production of many bioactive steroids. Solid phase microbial fermentation of anabolic steroid, dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 1), was carried out with ascomycete fungal strain Fusarium oxysporum (NRRL-1392).Methods: Sabouraud-4% glucose-agar was used to cultivate the fungal cultures as solid phase medium. Substrate 1 was incubated with Fusarium oxysporum (NRRL-1392) for 8 days. Microbial transformed metabolites were purified by using column chromatographic technique. Results: Ascomycete fungal strain Fusarium oxysporum (NRRL-1392), transformed dihydrotestosterone (1) to four oxidative metabolites 2-5  using solid phase microbial transformation metod. During biotransformation process the hydroxy group was incorporated in inactivated methine carbon atoms at C-7 and C-11 positions. Their structures were elucidated by means of a homo and heteronuclear 2D NMR and by HREI-MS techniques as 17b-hydroxyandrosta-1, 4-dien-3-one 2, androsta-1, 4-diene-3, 17-dione 3, 7a, 17b-dihydroxyandrosta-1, 4-dien-3-one (4), and 11a-hydroxyandrosta-1, 4-diene-3, 17-dione 5. The relative stereochemistry of newly incorporated hydroxy groups were deduced by 2D NOESY experiment.Conclusion: In conclusion, microbial biocatalysis is an attractive alternative tool for the preparation of new bioactive steroids, which might be difficult to prepare by conventional chemical routes. Furthermore, microbial-catalyzed biotransformations can produce commercially valuable steroidal pharmaceuticals for the pharmaceutical industry.Â

SOLID PHASE MICROBIAL REACTIONS OF SEX HORMONE, TRANS-ANDROSTERONE WITH FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

Objective: A microbial biotransformation study was performed on trans-androsterone (1) using solid phase medium. In the present context, trans-androsterone (1), a sex hormone was fermented with two filamentous fungi, Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) and Fusarium lini.Methods: Sabouraud-4% glucose-agar were used to cultivate the fungal cultures as solid phase medium. Substrate 1 was incubated with R. stolonifer (ATCC 10404) and F. lini (NRRL 68751) for 8 days. Microbial transformed metabolites were purified by using column chromatographic technique. Results: The metabolism study of 1 revealed that various metabolites were detected when incubated with filamentous fungi. A total of 3 transformed products were obtained. The reactions occurred that exhibited diversity; including selective hydroxylation at C-6 and C-7 along with oxidation occurs at C-3 positions. Their structure and identified on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data (NMR, HREIMS, IR and UV) as 3b,7b-dihydroxy-5a-androstan-17-one 2 in a good yield (58%), 6b-hydroxy-5a-androstan-3,17-dione 3, and 3b,6b-dihydroxy-5a-androstan-17-one 4.Conclusion: Solid phase microbial transformation method can successfully be used for the development of new steroidal drugs. The modified steroidal molecules could favor when compared to their natural counterparts due to several medicinal advantages.Â

A DuPont Analysis on Insurance Sector of South Asian Region

This research is to examine that most of the time investors do not prefer to highly profitable companies. We investigate the DuPont equation on insurance sector of South Asian region. Through DuPont analysis we see which types of companies are most fruitful for investor. We are using two method of ranking, first one is base on profit (Net income) and second one is base on DuPont equation. After that we see impact of independent variables (Return on asset & financial leverage) on dependent variable (return on equity) by regression analysis. The result shows that the ranking according to DuPont method are more reliable for investors as compare to profit (net income). The finding of this paper is that investor should work on effort method as judge against to effect method

MICROBIAL OXIDATION OF FINASTERIDE WITH MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA(KUCC 730)

Objectives: New  microbial oxidative derivatives of Finasteride [17β-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-aza-5α-androst-1-en-3-one] (1) has been investigated with Macrophomina phaseolina (ATCC730).Methods: Fermented media of  Macrophomina phaseolina (ATCC730) was prepared to cultivate the fungal cultures . Substrate 1 was incubated in liquid media for 16 days. After sixteen days, filtration and extraction of the fermented media was carried out with 9 L DCM in three portions. Resulting organic extract was dried using anhydrous (Na2SO4), and evaporated to afford a brown gum (950 mg). This on chromatographic purification with MeOH in CH2Cl2 afforded the metabolites 2-4 . Results: Three oxidised metabolites of finasteride (1) which were identified as 15-oxo-finasteride (2), 11a-hydroxyfinasteride (3), and 15β-hydroxyfinasteride (4). Metabolite 2 was found to be new. The structure of the oxidised metabolites were elucidated by 1-D (1H, 13C) and 2-D NMR (COSY, HMBC, HMQC, NOESY) techniques and MS analyses.Conclusion: As a result of these study, oxidation at C-7, C-11 and C-15 positions were found. Metabolite 2 was identified as a new metabolite

Analyzing the Parameters of Multidimensional Poverty in Taluka Naushahro Feroze: A Case Study

This research paper tackles the multidimensional poverty applying Foster and Alkire methods of Taluka Naushahro Feroze’s 14 Union councils on the basic figures. No any single navigator gives clear value for deprivation as naturally it is multidimensional. Three dimensions are selected having unequal weights in health, education, and living standard. These areas have been extra distributed in ten indicators, two for education, two for health while six for living standards. The out-put shows that Union Council Waggan has the most multidimensional poverty while least multidimensional poverty was found in Union Councils of Cheeho Taluka Naushahro Feroze. It further suggests an indicator which has highest contributions for multidimensional poverty such as life expectancy, child school attendance, school quality, child mortality, year of schooling, walls, cooking fuel, overcrowding and which contribute lowest is electricity and improved drinking water. Percentage of people for those who are MPI poor of Taluka Naushahro is 47.95 % (incidence of poverty), while average deprivation of people is 55.75 % furthermore, multidimensional poverty index (MPI) is 26.73 % in Naushahro Feroze. Keywords: Multidimensional poverty, incidence of poverty, Average deprivation DOI: 10.7176/JPID/53-06 Publication date: March 31st 202

Multimodal framework based on audio‐visual features for summarisation of cricket videos

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/166171/1/ipr2bf02094.pd

A techno-economic analysis for power generation through wind energy:A case study of Pakistan

Pakistan needs to overcome the cost of power generation and the ever-increasing demand for energy with environment-friendly renewable energy resources. Several research efforts have been made with the support of Pakistan Meteorological Department in the last two decades for wind resource assessment (WRA) across the country. However, the practical installation of wind farms is quite a fraction of the total forecast wind energy potential. In this feasibility, WRA of Umerkot and Sujawal districts located in Sindh provinces of Pakistan has been analyzed by analyzing mean wind speeds, estimated Weibull parameters, power and energy densities calculation for various heights of selected wind turbines. Further, this paper analyzes the overall energy potential for these locations with implementation cost and pay-back period for investment. These locations are selected by the World Bank initiative of wind profiling campaigns to record wind speed data during 2016 and 2018 with 10 min resolution. It is observed that Umerkot and Sujawal sites are suitable for energy production. The highest values of power and energy densities for Sujawal are 414.18 W/m2 and 3628.22 kWh/m2∕Yr and for Umerkot these values are 303.86 W/m2 and 2661.81 kWh/m2/Yr. The results indicate that using Nordex N90/2500 wind turbines are highly beneficial for Umerkot and Sujawal. The associated costs of energy are 0.074 $/kWh and 0.056$kWh respectively and the payback period is estimated to be around 7 years with 20 years life time of the project. This work suggests the possibility of wind farm installation and commissioning based on power density calculation and cost of land acquisition. This work emphasizes the investment for wind farms at Sujawal and Umerkot for the sustainable growth of the country. This helps out policymakers for long term planning, development of wind energy projects and attracting investment for the country

Exact Solutions of n+1 -Dimensional Space-Time Fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation

In this article, we study the n+1 -dimensional space time fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation for calculating the exact solutions. For this purpose fractional derivative is used in the form of modified Riemann-Liouville derivatives. Complex fractional transformation is applied for transforming the nonlinear partial differential equation into another nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Exact solutions are obtained by using modified simple equation method and 1⁄G' -expansion method. Obtained solutions are new and may be of significant importance in the field of plasma physics to investigate the waves in the magnetized plasma and in the dust plasma

An Empirical Analysis of the Linder

This paper presents empirical evidence in support of the Linder theory of international trade for three of the South Asian countries, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This finding implies that these countries trade more intensively with countries of other regions, which may have similar per capita income levels, as predicted by Linder in his hypothesis. The contribution of this research is threefold: first, there is new information on the Linder hypothesis by focusing on South Asian countries; second, this is one of very few analyses to capture both time-series and cross-section elements of the trade relationship by employing a panel data set; third, the empirical methodology used in this analysis corrects a major shortcoming in the existing literature by using a censored dependent variable in estimation.