sj-pdf-1-ini-10.1177_17534259231207198 - Supplemental material for Synthesis and validation of click-modified NOD1/2 agonists

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-ini-10.1177_17534259231207198 for Synthesis and validation of click-modified NOD1/2 agonists by Ravi Bharadwaj, Madison V. Anonick, Swati Jaiswal, Siavash Mashayekh, Ashley Brown, Kimberly A. Wodzanowski, Kendi Okuda, Neal Silverman and Catherine L. Grimes in Innate Immunity</p

Mycobacterial protein tyrosine kinase, PtkA phosphorylates PtpA at tyrosine residues and the mechanism is stalled by the novel series of inhibitors

<p>Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are the key mechanisms for mycobacterial physiology and play critical roles in mycobacterial survival and in its pathogenesis. Mycobacteria evade host immune mechanism by inhibiting phagosome – lysosome fusion in which mycobacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase A (PtpA;TP) plays an indispensable role. Tyrosine kinase (PtkA;TK) activated by autophosphorylation; phosphorylates TP, which subsequently leads to increase in its phosphatase activity. The phosphorylated TP is secreted in phagosome of macrophage. In the present study, we have shown that the phosphorylation at two sites of TP; Y¹²⁸ and Y¹²⁹ are critical for TK-mediated phosphatase activity. The disruption of this interaction between TK and TP inhibits activation of later which further leads to the decrease in intracellular survival of mycobacteria. Furthermore, the proof of concept has been established using benzylbenzofurans and benzofuranamides, which inhibit the growth and intracellular survival of mycobacteria, associate with the functional sites of TP and contend with the TK. This binding was further restated by looking at the anchorage of protein–protein and the protein–inhibitor complexes in the homology-based structure models and by surface plasmon resonance analysis.</p

Click Biotinylation of PLGA Template for Biotin Receptor Oriented Delivery of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in 4T1 Cell-Induced Breast Cancer

PLGA was functionalized with PEG and biotin using click chemistry to generate a biotin receptor targeted copolymer (biotinylated–PEG-PLGA) which in turn was used to fabricate ultrafine nanoparticles (BPNP) of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) for effective delivery in 4T1 cell induced breast cancer. However, adequate entrapment of a hydrophilic bioactive like DOX in a hydrophobic polymer system made of PLGA is not usually possible. We therefore modified a conventional W/O/W emulsion method by utilizing NH₄Cl in the external phase to constrain DOX in dissolved polymer phase by suppressing DOX’s inherent aqueous solubility as per common ion effect. This resulted in over 8-fold enhancement in entrapment efficiency of DOX inside BPNP, which otherwise is highly susceptible to leakage due to its relatively high aqueous solubility. TEM and DLS established BPNP to be sized below 100 nm, storage stability studies showed that BPNP were stable for one month at 4 °C, and <i>in vitro</i> release suggested significant control in drug release. Extensive <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies were conducted to propound anticancer and antiproliferative activity of BPNP. Plasma and tissue distribution study supplemented by pertinent <i>in vivo</i> fluorescence imaging mapped the exact fate of DOX contained inside BPNP once it was administered intravenously. A comparative safety profile via acute toxicity studies in mice was also generated to out rightly establish usefulness of BPNP. Results suggest that BPNP substantially enhance anticancer activity of DOX while simultaneously mitigating its toxic potential due to altered spatial and temporal presentation of drug and consequently deserve further allometric iteration

Additional file 1 of Identification and characterization of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca Fascicularis)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Constant region homology. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the TCR constant regions, derived from the in silico splicing of the human, Macfas and Macmul TRAC, TRBC, TRGC, and TRDC exons. Dots represent identity. Amino acids are represented by the 1-letter code. X is undetermined