Status of female convicts under British colonial rule (Penal Settlement) in Andaman-India: An analysis

British colonial expansion policy had brought the Andaman and Nicobar Islands under its control. As it was a gateway of Indian subcontinent, protection and control of these islands from foreign powers was the utmost priority of British Authority.By setting up the Andaman Penal Settlement, a permanent colony of convicts, the Britishers tried to welcome the families of the convicts from mainland India.To invite wives of the convicts and later on transporting the female convicts to Andaman was a well planned imperial policy.British colonial aggrandizement policy compelled the ordinary Indians to migrate as workforce in the newly built colonies.Accordingly, the British authorities instrumented the policy to transport prisoners from Indian jails to Penang, Burma, Malacca , Ceylon, Burma, Mauritius, Surya Nam, South Africa, Fiji to support workforce to develop industrial activities and thus the economy.Colonial policy was very regressive, especially, the Penal colonies had mercilessly devalued the status of Indian women. The position of convicted females was very pathetic and were used in many ways in these colonies .The females were brought forcefully to these colonial society to develop intimacy with civilians as entertainers , entertain petty officers and soldiers as prostitutes or to have marital relations with convicted prisoners in Penal Settlement in Andaman .Due to disproportion in sex ratio, a number of immoral and bad habits developed in the convicted society in Andaman. Most of these heinous crimes took place due to illegal connection or extramarital relations of wives with other males or vice-versa.The interest of the empire was to use these females for different purposes. In penal colony, the condition of females was very pathetic.The main objective behind their presence in the colony was to have sexual pleasure. Even the attitude of their male partners was not reliable.On many occasions the convicts used their wives for prostitution because even if they were caught they were not sent to jail.High rate of abandonment of convict-wives by male convicts was found when the latter were released from the Andaman.Hence, the abandonment had become a regular feature.The regretful plights were very common with convict wives, when the male ex-convicts abandoned their wives and children on disembarking the Port Towns. As a result many such unfortunate females either ended up in the brothels of Rangoon or Calcutta

A prospective study on placental migration in mid trimester low lying placenta

Background: Objectives of the study were: to assess migration of low-lying placenta diagnosed by ultrasound around 20 weeks of gestation and to evaluate the factors influencing placental migration as well as to reduce feto-maternal morbidity and or mortality by excluding placenta previa and placenta accreta early.Methods: All antenatal mothers undergoing routine transabdominal congenital anomaly scan around 20 weeks of gestation were subjected to transvaginal ultrasonography to confirm low lying placenta. Every 4 weekly transvaginal ultrasonography was repeated until the lower edge of placenta migrated beyond 3 cm of internal cervical os or the patient had delivered, which one was earlier.Results: Out of total 686 cases, only 56 (8.16%) mothers had low-lying placenta in mid trimester. Follow up of these 56 cases showed that 33 (58.93%) cases placenta had migrated at term and 23 (3.35%) cases persist as placenta previa. The rate of migration of placenta was 80.76%, 39.13% and 42.86% in mothers following previous vaginal delivery, caesarean section or prior history of MTP/suction and evacuation. Placental migration was 80% and 47.39% where the distance between the internal cervical os and lower edge of placenta was between 2.1-3 cm and between 1.5-2 cm respectively. No placental migration was noted where the initial distance was less than 1.5 cm. Placental migration was more common in anteriorly situated placenta (65.85%) than the posterior one (40%).Conclusions: The rate of placental migration at term was 58.93%. However, factors like previous caesarean section, previous history of MTP or suction and evacuation, posteriorly situated placenta and placenta lying 1.5 cm from the internal cervical os may interfere with placental migration

[Transitional strength under plasma] Precise estimations of astrophysically relevant electromagnetic transitions of Ar7+^{7+}, Kr7+^{7+}, Xe7+^{7+}, and Rn7+^{7+} under plasma atmosphere

The growing interest in atomic structures of moderately-stripped alkali-like ions in diagnostic study and modeling of astrophysical and laboratory plasma makes an accurate many-body study of atomic properties inevitable. This work presents transition line parameters in the absence or presence of plasma atmosphere for astrophysically important candidates, Ar$^{7+}$, Kr$^{7+}$, Xe$^{7+}$, and Rn$^{7+}$. We employ relativistic coupled-cluster (RCC) theory, a well-known correlation exhaustive method. In the case of a plasma environment, we use Debye Model. Our calculations agree with experiments available in the literature for ionization potentials, transition strengths of allowed and forbidden selections, and lifetimes of several low-lying states. The unit ratios of length and velocity forms of transition matrix elements are the critical estimation of the accuracy of the transition data presented here, especially for a few presented first time in the literature. We do compare our findings with the available recent theoretical results. Our reported data can be helpful to the astronomer in estimating the density of the plasma environment around the astronomical objects or in the discovery of observational spectra corrected by that environment. The present results should be advantageous in the modeling and diagnostics laboratory plasma, whereas the calculated ionisation potential depression parameters reveal important characteristics of atomic structure

Classical and Quantum Oscillators of Sextic and Octic Anharmonicities

Classical oscillators of sextic and octic anharmonicities are solved analytically up to the linear power of \lambda (Anharmonic Constant) by using Taylor series method. These solutions exhibit the presence of secular terms which are summed up for all orders. The frequency shifts of the oscillators for small anharmonic constants are obtained. It is found that the calculated shifts agree nicely with the available results to-date. The solutions for classical anharmonic oscillators are used to obtain the solutions corresponding to quantum anharmonic oscillators by imposing fundamental commutation relations between position and momentum operators.Comment: 13 pages, latex 2e, 1 figure Journal Reference: Phys. Lett. A (2002) in pres

Urban Local Body Elections in Port Blair: Social Engineering among city Voters

Port Blair  city, the capital of Union Terrirtory  of Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a set of multi-lingual, multi – ethnic and multi- culture center. Time and again it has been extended its boundary, number of population and its  political character that we ever seen any city in India. To study the electoral behavior of its voters is really interesting and significant .Since its inception in 1958,  every five years of interval, the election to small city has been conducting without interruption is well establish fact . The last  Municipal Council’s elections was held on 20.09.2015  to elect 24 wards councilors along with three tier Panchayat institutions. The voters of the city have witnessed  many changes in  elections  2010 and 2015. In many respect, the 2015 elections  of Port Blair city  has significantly different from its previous 2010 elections. The study area of the paper is to high light the changing behavour of voters , who are divided in the line of language, regional identity, but not like caste and community.

Opportunities for Libraries in Managing and Resource Sharing Through Consortia: A New Challenge for Indian Librarians

Discusses briefly the concept and significance of resource sharing in Indian context with a view to justify on the basis of tremendous growth as well as diversity of explicit knowledge, increased users' demands, diminished budgets, galloping prices for subscribing periodicals and purchasing books, etc. Papers suggest that resource sharing is inevitable among libraries and mentions the concepts, the areas and modalities for cooperation through library consortia in the networked information environment. This paper also covers growth as well as points out merits and demerits of library consortia and the future prospect of consortia in Indian scenario

Conversion of α-diazoketones to 1-bromo-2-alkyl- or 2-arylpent-4-en-2-ols using Tin-mediated allylation/propargylation

High yielding and mild conditions to prepare of 1-bromo-2-alkyl- or 2-arylpent-4-en-2-ols/1-bromo-2-alkyl-or 2-arylpent-4-yn-2-ols from α-diazoketones which involves allylation/propargylation with successive bromide insertion using in-situ generated allyltin bromide/or propargyltin bromide from activated tin metal and allyl/or propargyl bromide