Different implementation of network level in embedded networking with QoS

Some modern standards in space industry, which are being used in embedded networking designs, provide quality of service features, which are implemented by means of virtual channels. Implementations of virtual channels mechanisms are very different. Each implementation has its latency characteristics for packet flow, hardware cost and performance. These parameters depend on the virtual channels quantity in a port and switch matrix's channels quantity connected to every port (connection point). The connection point quantity can vary from one to a number of virtual channels in port. We consider three structures and implementations of network layer. In the first implementation quantity of connection points is equal to number of virtual channels in a port. In the second - one connection point. The third - one connection point with lower priority data transmission interruption. In this article we compare characteristics of different architecture implementations and structures of port controllers and switch matrix. Also we analyze and simulate proposed mechanism. We present formulas to calculate minimum and maximum data packet transmission latency and compare theoretic and simulation results. Count of virtual channels is 4 for simulation, packet length - 250, 750 bytes. Moreover router's switch matrix hardware cost is evaluated in the article

Methodology of searching for all shortest routes in NoC

Nowadays network technologies are broadly used in different areas of a human life. Data streams between network nodes are dramatically increasing. Systems-on-chip are evaluating very quickly and are used in many different areas of human life such as space, medicine and so on. Requirements to modern network hardware are increasing constantly. These requirements are: little size, big performance, many supported features and so on. Network-on-chip (NoC) plays very important role in a system-on-chip operation. It connects together all IP blocks, nodes of a system and provides data transmission. Therefore proper design of NoC increases its performance. Many modern NoCs support the adaptive routing mode. This mode assumes usage of several routes for specified pair source - destination. To improve network performance and decrease delays these routes must be the shortest. In this paper we offer an algorithm producing set of all shortest routes between source and destination for load balancing feature and performance increasing. In this paper the algorithm of the shortest noncyclical equal-length routes set building is offered

Double inference in the processes of comprehension of Russian and English discourse complicated by an idiom

The paper briefly surveys contemporary studies in the field of secondary nomination and idiom comprehension in discourse. The research mainly focuses on the inferential processes which occur at the moment of perceiving a discourse containing an idiom. Although the inference phenomenon has received much attention in recent years, the majority of scientific works on the topic are targeted at the inferential processes in text comprehension while such a challenging area as inference in secondary nomination remains unrevealed. The aim of the present study is to find out if the traces of inferences in the metaphoric meaning of an idiom can interfere in the comprehension of a discourse complicated by an idiom. Thus, the study presents an analysis of idiom comprehension in a narrative discourse that lies in both fields of inference study: inference in secondary nomination and inference in discourse comprehension. For this purpose, the paper gives an outline to the theories which explain some mechanisms of inference action and presents an analysis of some pieces of narrative discourse from the perspectives of the discussed theories. The research is conducted on Russian and English language material. The results of the study point to the double mapping of the inferential processes that is caused, on the one hand, by the inferential traces of secondary nomination and, on the other hand, by the implicit sense of an idiom in discourse. The paper presents a model of conceptual integration in the process of double inference while comprehending a text complicated by an idiom

The Sec34/Sec35p complex, a Ypt1p effector required for retrograde intra-Golgi trafficking, interacts with Golgi SNAREs and COPI vesicle coat proteins

The Sec34/35 complex was identified as one of the evolutionarily conserved protein complexes that regulates a cis-Golgi step in intracellular vesicular transport. We have identified three new proteins that associate with Sec35p and Sec34p in yeast cytosol. Mutations in these Sec34/35 complex subunits result in defects in basic Golgi functions, including glycosylation of secretory proteins, protein sorting, and retention of Golgi resident proteins. Furthermore, the Sec34/35 complex interacts genetically and physically with the Rab protein Ypt1p, intra-Golgi SNARE molecules, as well as with Golgi vesicle coat complex COPI. We propose that the Sec34/35 protein complex acts as a tether that connects cis-Golgi membranes and COPI-coated, retrogradely targeted intra-Golgi vesicles

TEM study of Mg distribution in micrite crystals from the Mishrif reservoir Formation (Middle East, Cenomanian to Early Turonian)

Microporous limestones composed of micrite crystals constitute sizeable hydrocarbon reservoirs throughout the world and especially in the Middle East. However, the crystallization history of micrites is poorly understood. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) studies give morphological and bulk composition information about micrites, but no information exists on the distribution of minor elements inside micrite grains. This study proposes Mg maps obtained with X-ray EDS combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of micrite crystals from the Mishrif reservoir Formation (Middle East, Cenomanian to Early Turonian). Three types of Mg distribution were observed through micrite crystals from five different samples: (1) homogenous Mg concentration, (2) small Mg-enriched areas close to the center of the crystal, and (3) geometric Mg impoverishments near crystal edges and parallel to present crystallographic faces. The homogenous Mg distribution is the most frequent and is found both in microporous and in tight micrites. The second type of distribution showing small Mg-enriched areas inside micrite crystals relatively close to their center comes from a microporous sample located below an emersive surface. These enriched areas may correspond to crystal seeds. The third type of distribution was observed in micrite crystals from another microporous sample situated just below an emersive surface. The Mg-poor zones probably represent overgrowths that precipitated in contact with less Mg-rich meteoric fluid

NoC performance parameters estimation at design stage

Nowadays different types of communication systems are used in designing of data transmission systems. Performance and operating characteristics of communication systems are crucial. System-on-chip (SoC) communication system can be built based on a bus, switch or network-on-chip (NoC). Type of communication system is selected according to user requirements for bandwidth, time delays, hardware cost of communication systems implementation and technology limitations. In this paper we consider the problem of different communication systems characteristics estimation. Formulas for average and maximum data transmission time calculation of different flows will be presented for different types of communication systems. Load estimation for each transfer point will be presented also. Proposed network calculator includes mechanisms based on the queuing systems to calculate the parameters of communication system. Attention will be paid to NoC communication system characteristics calculation

Role of the carboxyl terminal di-leucine in phosphorylation and internalization of C5a receptor

AbstractThe carboxyl tail of G protein-coupled receptors contains motifs that regulate receptor interactions with intracellular partners. Activation of the human neutrophil complement fragment C5a receptor (C5aR) is terminated by phosphorylation of the carboxyl tail followed by receptor internalization. In this study, we demonstrated that bulky hydrophobic residues in the membrane-proximal region of the C5aR carboxyl tail play an important role in proper structure and function of the receptor: Substitution of leucine 319 with alanine (L319A) resulted in receptor retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas a L318A substitution allowed receptor transport to the cell surface, but showed slow internalization upon activation, presumably due to a defect in phosphorylation by both PKC and GRK. Normal agonist-induced activation of ERK1/2 and intracellular calcium release suggested that the L318A mutation did not affect receptor signaling. Binding of GRK2 and PKCβII to intracellular loop 3 of C5aR in vitro indicated that mutagenesis of L318 did not affect kinase binding. Limited proteolysis with trypsin revealed a conformational difference between wild type and mutant receptor. Our studies support a model in which the L318/L319 stabilizes an amphipathic helix (Q305–R320) in the membrane-proximal region of C5aR

Interaction of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex with t-SNARE Syntaxin5a/Sed5 enhances intra-Golgi SNARE complex stability

Tethering factors mediate initial interaction of transport vesicles with target membranes. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) enable consequent docking and membrane fusion. We demonstrate that the vesicle tether conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex colocalizes and coimmunoprecipitates with intra-Golgi SNARE molecules. In yeast cells, the COG complex preferentially interacts with the SNARE complexes containing yeast Golgi target (t)-SNARE Sed5p. In mammalian cells, hCog4p and hCog6p interact with Syntaxin5a, the mammalian homologue of Sed5p. Moreover, fluorescence resonance energy transfer reveals an in vivo interaction between Syntaxin5a and the COG complex. Knockdown of the mammalian COG complex decreases Golgi SNARE mobility, produces an accumulation of free Syntaxin5, and decreases the steady-state levels of the intra-Golgi SNARE complex. Finally, overexpression of the hCog4p N-terminal Syntaxin5a-binding domain destabilizes intra-Golgi SNARE complexes, disrupting the Golgi. These data suggest that the COG complex orchestrates vesicular trafficking similarly in yeast and mammalian cells by binding to the t-SNARE Syntaxin5a/Sed5p and enhancing the stability of intra-Golgi SNARE complexes

QoS support in embedded networks and NoC

Quality of service (QoS) requirements such as priorities, packet delivery and packet delivery time are important and critical for embedded networks and networkson-chip (NoC) [1]. We consider mechanisms for QoS support in the SpaceFibre, SpaceWire and GigaSpaceWire protocols, possibility of using them in embedded networks and NoC. In the article we analyze approaches for QoS provision, their feasibility and value of QoS in SpaceWire/GigaSpaceWire and in SpaceFibre networks. Networks with different topologies and traffic pattern are used to study and to evaluate the performance. Various traffic types such as the data packets, streaming data, commands will be transmitted in networks. Data delivery characteristics for SpaceFibre and SpaceWire/GigaSpaceWire networks are analyzed and compared. Also we compare characteristics that are achievable in NoC, which are based on QoS mechanisms of SpaceFibre, SpaceWire and GigaSpaceWire. Hardware costs are one of the main constraints for embedded networks and NoC. Therefore we compare hardware costs of basic SpaceFibre, SpaceWire and GigaSpaceWire routers

Design of onboard Local Area Networks

Modern onboard networks, especially those that implement Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA/IMA2G) concept, contain up to thousands of nodes. Integrated computation environment requires hard data interconnection with various requirements and constraints. Manual design of onboard networks becomes extremely hard and it's impossible to produce optimal or even efficient network structures. The presented research is intended for creation of method and tool for automated design of onboard local area networks. This will be used to assist engineers and designers of onboard complexes. We design networks using the SpaceWire communication standard, but the research can be easily modified to support other onboard network types. We develop an algorithm for an automated network construction, the prototype implementation of the algorithm, a probabilistic assessment of the intermediate results of the constructed network. We tested the technology on selected examples of real onboard networks and carried out the final evaluation of the development results. The developed prototype is able to build onboard local area networks based on user-defined parameters and constraints; it has a clear interface and performs the computation in the foreseeable time