18 research outputs found
Nanomotor-Enabled pH-Responsive Intracellular Delivery of Caspase-3: Toward Rapid Cell Apoptosis
Direct
and efficient intracellular delivery of enzymes to cytosol
holds tremendous therapeutic potential while remaining an unmet technical
challenge. Herein, an ultrasound (US)-propelled nanomotor approach
and a high-pH-responsive delivery strategy are reported to overcome
this challenge using caspase-3 (CASP-3) as a model enzyme. Consisting
of a gold nanowire (AuNW) motor with a pH-responsive polymer coating,
in which the CASP-3 is loaded, the resulting nanomotor protects the
enzyme from release and deactivation prior to reaching an intracellular
environment. However, upon entering a cell and exposure to the higher
intracellular pH, the polymer coating is dissolved, thereby directly
releasing the active CASP-3 enzyme to the cytosol and causing rapid
cell apoptosis. <i>In vitro</i> studies using gastric cancer
cells as a model cell line demonstrate that such a motion-based active
delivery approach leads to remarkably high apoptosis efficiency within
a significantly shorter time and with a lower amount of CASP-3 compared
to other control groups not involving US-propelled nanomotors. For
instance, the reported nanomotor system can achieve 80% apoptosis
of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells within only 5 min, which dramatically
outperforms other CASP-3 delivery approaches. These results indicate
that the US-propelled nanomotors may act as a powerful vehicle for
cytosolic delivery of active therapeutic proteins, which would offer
an attractive means to enhance the current landscape of intracellular
protein delivery and therapy. While CASP-3 is selected as a model
protein in this study, the same nanomotor approach can be readily
applied to a variety of different therapeutic proteins
Nanomotor-Enabled pH-Responsive Intracellular Delivery of Caspase-3: Toward Rapid Cell Apoptosis
Direct
and efficient intracellular delivery of enzymes to cytosol
holds tremendous therapeutic potential while remaining an unmet technical
challenge. Herein, an ultrasound (US)-propelled nanomotor approach
and a high-pH-responsive delivery strategy are reported to overcome
this challenge using caspase-3 (CASP-3) as a model enzyme. Consisting
of a gold nanowire (AuNW) motor with a pH-responsive polymer coating,
in which the CASP-3 is loaded, the resulting nanomotor protects the
enzyme from release and deactivation prior to reaching an intracellular
environment. However, upon entering a cell and exposure to the higher
intracellular pH, the polymer coating is dissolved, thereby directly
releasing the active CASP-3 enzyme to the cytosol and causing rapid
cell apoptosis. <i>In vitro</i> studies using gastric cancer
cells as a model cell line demonstrate that such a motion-based active
delivery approach leads to remarkably high apoptosis efficiency within
a significantly shorter time and with a lower amount of CASP-3 compared
to other control groups not involving US-propelled nanomotors. For
instance, the reported nanomotor system can achieve 80% apoptosis
of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells within only 5 min, which dramatically
outperforms other CASP-3 delivery approaches. These results indicate
that the US-propelled nanomotors may act as a powerful vehicle for
cytosolic delivery of active therapeutic proteins, which would offer
an attractive means to enhance the current landscape of intracellular
protein delivery and therapy. While CASP-3 is selected as a model
protein in this study, the same nanomotor approach can be readily
applied to a variety of different therapeutic proteins
Bacterial Isolation by Lectin-Modified Microengines
New template-based self-propelled gold/nickel/polyaniline/platinum
(Au/Ni/PANI/Pt) microtubular engines, functionalized with the Concanavalin
A (ConA) lectin bioreceptor, are shown to be extremely useful for
the rapid, real-time isolation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) bacteria from fuel-enhanced environmental,
food, and clinical samples. These multifunctional microtube engines
combine the selective capture of <i>E. coli</i> with the
uptake of polymeric drug-carrier particles to provide an attractive
motion-based theranostics strategy. Triggered release of the captured
bacteria is demonstrated by movement through a low-pH glycine-based
dissociation solution. The smaller size of the new polymer-metal microengines
offers convenient, direct, and label-free optical visualization of
the captured bacteria and discrimination against nontarget cells
Bacterial Isolation by Lectin-Modified Microengines
New template-based self-propelled gold/nickel/polyaniline/platinum
(Au/Ni/PANI/Pt) microtubular engines, functionalized with the Concanavalin
A (ConA) lectin bioreceptor, are shown to be extremely useful for
the rapid, real-time isolation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) bacteria from fuel-enhanced environmental,
food, and clinical samples. These multifunctional microtube engines
combine the selective capture of <i>E. coli</i> with the
uptake of polymeric drug-carrier particles to provide an attractive
motion-based theranostics strategy. Triggered release of the captured
bacteria is demonstrated by movement through a low-pH glycine-based
dissociation solution. The smaller size of the new polymer-metal microengines
offers convenient, direct, and label-free optical visualization of
the captured bacteria and discrimination against nontarget cells
Bacterial Isolation by Lectin-Modified Microengines
New template-based self-propelled gold/nickel/polyaniline/platinum
(Au/Ni/PANI/Pt) microtubular engines, functionalized with the Concanavalin
A (ConA) lectin bioreceptor, are shown to be extremely useful for
the rapid, real-time isolation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) bacteria from fuel-enhanced environmental,
food, and clinical samples. These multifunctional microtube engines
combine the selective capture of <i>E. coli</i> with the
uptake of polymeric drug-carrier particles to provide an attractive
motion-based theranostics strategy. Triggered release of the captured
bacteria is demonstrated by movement through a low-pH glycine-based
dissociation solution. The smaller size of the new polymer-metal microengines
offers convenient, direct, and label-free optical visualization of
the captured bacteria and discrimination against nontarget cells
Bacterial Isolation by Lectin-Modified Microengines
New template-based self-propelled gold/nickel/polyaniline/platinum
(Au/Ni/PANI/Pt) microtubular engines, functionalized with the Concanavalin
A (ConA) lectin bioreceptor, are shown to be extremely useful for
the rapid, real-time isolation of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) bacteria from fuel-enhanced environmental,
food, and clinical samples. These multifunctional microtube engines
combine the selective capture of <i>E. coli</i> with the
uptake of polymeric drug-carrier particles to provide an attractive
motion-based theranostics strategy. Triggered release of the captured
bacteria is demonstrated by movement through a low-pH glycine-based
dissociation solution. The smaller size of the new polymer-metal microengines
offers convenient, direct, and label-free optical visualization of
the captured bacteria and discrimination against nontarget cells
Comparison of Different Strategies for the Development of Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Nucleic Acid Biosensors Using Neither Nanomaterials nor Nucleic Acid Amplification
Currently,
electrochemical nucleic acid-based biosensing methodologies
involving hybridization assays, specific recognition of RNA/DNA and
RNA/RNA duplexes, and amplification systems provide an attractive
alternative to conventional quantification strategies for the routine
determination of relevant nucleic acids at different settings. A particularly
relevant objective in the development of such nucleic acid biosensors
is the design of as many as possible affordable, quick, and simple
methods while keeping the required sensitivity. With this aim in mind,
this work reports, for the first time, a thorough comparison between
11 methodologies that involve different assay formats and labeling
strategies for targeting the same DNA. The assayed approaches use
conventional sandwich and competitive hybridization assays, direct
hybridization coupled to bioreceptors with affinity for RNA/DNA duplexes,
multienzyme labeling bioreagents, and DNA concatamers. All of them
have been implemented on the surface of magnetic beads (MBs) and involve
amperometric transduction at screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs).
The influence of the formed duplex length and of the labeling strategy
have also been evaluated. Results demonstrate that these strategies
can provide very sensitive methods without the need for using nanomaterials
or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, the sensitivity can
be tailored within several orders of magnitude simply by varying the
bioassay format, hybrid length or labeling strategy. This comparative
study allowed us to conclude that the use of strategies involving
longer hybrids, the use of antibodies with specificity for RNA/DNA
heteroduplexes and labeling with bacterial antibody binding proteins
conjugated with multiple enzyme molecules, provides the best sensitivity
Single Cell Real-Time miRNAs Sensing Based on Nanomotors
A nanomotor-based strategy for rapid single-step intracellular biosensing of a target miRNA, expressed in intact cancer cells, at the single cell level is described. The new concept relies on the use of ultrasound (US) propelled dye-labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)/graphene-oxide (GO) coated gold nanowires (AuNWs) capable of penetrating intact cancer cells. Once the nanomotor is internalized into the cell, the quenched fluorescence signal (produced by the π–π interaction between GO and a dye-labeled ssDNA) is recovered due to the displacement of the dye-ssDNA probe from the motor GO-quenching surface upon binding with the target miRNA-21, leading to an attractive intracellular “OFF-ON” fluorescence switching. The faster internalization process of the US-powered nanomotors and their rapid movement into the cells increase the likelihood of probe–target contacts, leading to a highly efficient and rapid hybridization. The ability of the nanomotor-based method to screen cancer cells based on the endogenous content of the target miRNA has been demonstrated by measuring the fluorescence signal in two types of cancer cells (MCF-7 and HeLa) with significantly different miRNA-21 expression levels. This single-step, motor-based miRNAs sensing approach enables rapid “on the move” specific detection of the target miRNA-21, even in single cells with an extremely low endogenous miRNA-21 content, allowing precise and real-time monitoring of intracellular miRNA expression
Integrated Amperometric Affinity Biosensors Using Co<sup>2+</sup>–Tetradentate Nitrilotriacetic Acid Modified Disposable Carbon Electrodes: Application to the Determination of β‑Lactam Antibiotics
A novel strategy for the construction
of disposable amperometric
affinity biosensors is described in this work. The approach uses a
recombinant bacterial penicillin binding protein (PBP) tagged by an
N-terminal hexahistidine tail which was immobilized onto Co<sup>2+</sup>–tetradentate nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-modified screen-printed
carbon electrodes (SPCEs). The biosensor was employed for the specific
detection and quantification of β-lactam antibiotics residues
in milk, which was accomplished by means of a direct competitive assay
using a tracer with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the enzymatic
labeling. The amperometric response measured at −0.20 V versus
the Ag pseudoreference electrode of the SPCE upon the addition of
H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) as
redox mediator was used as the transduction signal. The developed
affinity sensor allowed limits of detection to be obtained in the
low part-per-billion level for the antibiotics tested in untreated
milk samples. Moreover, the biosensor exhibited a good selectivity
against other antibiotics residues frequently detected in milk and
dairy products. The analysis time was of approximately 30 min
Single Cell Real-Time miRNAs Sensing Based on Nanomotors
A nanomotor-based strategy for rapid single-step intracellular biosensing of a target miRNA, expressed in intact cancer cells, at the single cell level is described. The new concept relies on the use of ultrasound (US) propelled dye-labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)/graphene-oxide (GO) coated gold nanowires (AuNWs) capable of penetrating intact cancer cells. Once the nanomotor is internalized into the cell, the quenched fluorescence signal (produced by the π–π interaction between GO and a dye-labeled ssDNA) is recovered due to the displacement of the dye-ssDNA probe from the motor GO-quenching surface upon binding with the target miRNA-21, leading to an attractive intracellular “OFF-ON” fluorescence switching. The faster internalization process of the US-powered nanomotors and their rapid movement into the cells increase the likelihood of probe–target contacts, leading to a highly efficient and rapid hybridization. The ability of the nanomotor-based method to screen cancer cells based on the endogenous content of the target miRNA has been demonstrated by measuring the fluorescence signal in two types of cancer cells (MCF-7 and HeLa) with significantly different miRNA-21 expression levels. This single-step, motor-based miRNAs sensing approach enables rapid “on the move” specific detection of the target miRNA-21, even in single cells with an extremely low endogenous miRNA-21 content, allowing precise and real-time monitoring of intracellular miRNA expression