Book review

Plum is a significant temperate fruit and a very important fruit species in Hungary as well. Cultivation has moved beyond the area boundaries of the Northern Hemisphere many centuries ago. Domestic (European) plum production has been particularly affected by the pandemic-scale destruction of the Sharka virus and worldwide breed changes. According to FAOSTAT (2016) data, world plum production is 12 million tones, with 36% from Eurasian, 63% from Japan and other Asian varieties. The share of American plums is only 1%. Domestication and dissemination of plums is „multi-stepped” because homemade (taste) plums are hybrids of two nature species in the first place, but Japanese plums (hybrids with Chinese plums or Prunus cerasifera) are not uniform; the role of the American plum species is much smaller, though their prospects cannot to predict with certainly. The book consists of 19 chapters, finding a complex way of summing up linguistic, historical, floristic, historical-botanical, cultivation, and morphological and anatomical knowledge

Fruit drying traditions in Hungary

Since the early eras of human history, the gathered products (roots, shoots, crops, fruits etc.), the environmental conditions of the preservation of the animals caught and the fishes; and accidental observations have been born new methods. Under cold and moderate climates, the effect of permanent frost, the use of ice as a means of curing as in dry, desert areas is the drying or exsiccation and the dehydration of salt. For convenience reasons, some of these methods have been forgotten, but the resurfacing of different fruits seems to resume. The short review gives an overview of the methods of drying used in the Carpathian Basin, especially among the Hungarian ethnic groups, which by the Hungarian ethnology thoroughly explored. The author attaches outstanding importance to the fruit-drying industry, because dried-ups at industrial scale are not equivalent to traditional low-fat lime scales. Excellent drying products are much better in terms of eating habits, with modern methods and small-scale production relatively easy to produce

Relative ecological and biological indicator values of plum and prune cultivars

The study was conducted to compare historical plums, gene collections, and is currently cultivated and recent perspective varieties from the author. The object of the study was the relative ecological Borhidi’s figures and classification of varieties under the new definition, as the relative biological values. There were 11 figures no one in particular affect the data of the plums grown in importance as TB, WB, RB, LB, and the values are relative biological value (OP, FR, SS, and DR). The specificity of each indicator was different, but in general the  importance and specific breeds was associated with. The SB (salt figures) is not proved informative, partly because small data in the literature, on the other hand, had little to their own observations as well. The gene bank of Cegléd is now third-generation (1951–1972, 1973–1991, since 1992) kind of collection, during which many aspects have changed climatic conditions: cold winter eased the strictness, but has increased the threatof spring frost advection. The relative biological scores markedly influenced around flowering extreme weather (dry, windy weather and so flowering in within 2-3 days), optimal conditions of the plum pox virus vectors and of course the presence of fruit and foliage harmful fungi. It see to be, in the case of semi-wild and wild fruit species – are possible with similar comparative analyzes, and hopefully will in feral forms, culture – as we have seen previously (Surányi 2000 and 2006). In the continuation analysis of the natural vegetation and cultural context of the complex multifactorial factors will be carried out more easily, according to the relative value figures, as well as rootstock effects and plantation’s habitat studies, and even the most phytotechnical evaluation of interventions

Relative ecological and biological indicator values of plum and prune cultivars

The study was conducted to compare historical plums, gene collections, and is currently cultivated and recent perspective varietiesfrom the author. The object of the study was the relative ecological Borhidi’s figures and classification of varieties under the new definition, asthe relative biological values. There were 11 figures no one in particular affect the data of the plums grown in importance as TB, WB, RB, LB,and the values are relative biological value (OP, FR, SS, and DR). The specificity of each indicator was different, but in general the importanceand specific breeds was associated with. The SB (salt figures) is not proved informative, partly because small data in the literature, on theother hand, had little to their own observations as well. The gene bank of Cegléd is now third-generation (1951–1972, 1973–1991, since 1992)kind of collection, during which many aspects have changed climatic conditions: cold winter eased the strictness, but has increased the threatof spring frost advection. The relative biological scores markedly influenced around flowering extreme weather (dry, windy weather and soflowering in within 2-3 days), optimal conditions of the plum pox virus vectors and of course the presence of fruit and foliage harmful fungi.It see to be, in the case of semi-wild and wild fruit species – are possible with similar comparative analyzes, and hopefully will in feral forms,culture – as we have seen previously (Surányi 2000 and 2006). In the continuation analysis of the natural vegetation and cultural contextof the complex multifactorial factors will be carried out more easily, according to the relative value figures, as well as rootstock effects andplantation’s habitat studies, and even the most phytotechnical evaluation of interventions

Comparative analysis of apricot cultivars based on their ecological and biological indicators

The herbaceous plants organic characterize Ellenberg et al. worked out (1991), well-use system, which is updated with herbaceousand woody plant in the Hungarian flora species, so Soó (1964-1985), Zólyomi et al. (1967), Précsényi (1986) and Simon (1988) also addressedby different aspects of this problem circuits. The author is the first extended-Borhidi –Ellenberg’s system of wild fruit species (Surányi2000, 2006) and cultivated of fruit (Surányi 2014) as well. Additional considerations there were aspects of the study of fruit varieties,these biological indicators following open pollination, frost tolerance, resistance of Sharka virus and disease susceptibility for. Firstly, weintroduced a system for improving it a plum species and cultivars (Surányi 2015). In this case we used the new system among species andvarieties of apricots, because diversity was able to express significantly. Especially the SB, WB, NB, and the relative biological value figuresshowed the variety. RB (reaction figures) fluctuated only slightly among the 463 varieties, but the dynamic difference between the 11’s wasan indicator for the characterization of apricots. If the comparison performed plum and apricot variety’s level anyway justified the use of 11kinds of organic and biological indicators

Phenological and fl ower morphological studies on different plum and prune cultivars

20–22 and 5–7 years of kind collection of 100 cultivars studied phenology and fl oral morphological basis of characteristics in1994–1998 and 2009–2011. The varieties were collected 3–5 trees in the gene garden, all were on C. 359 myrobalan seedling. Detectingdifferences between the test cultivars are suitable for stamps, and also show that relatively short-term observations are useful for describingthe comparison, to distinguish varieties. The taxonomic ordination of cultivars and groups of fruits suitable to distinguish colors shownthat the fl owering and ripening time, the nature of the reproductive organs and even Sharka-rate sensitivity is associated with those groups.Differences between the age of trees mainly sexual organs and fertility were shown. Affecting rate of climatic effects was not as large as thefi rst line of erratic rainfall, air temperature spikes or possible values would be expected. The results of the breed, a gene bank of perception,in particular, the localization of hybrids, clone-type variants are useful in the analysis. Among other things – this is due to late-maturing,relatively well-stored temporarily, and not-blue plums, Sharka-infected tolerant or resistant varieties selection (cf. SURÁNYI 2013a-c) andwill be disseminate in Hungary

THE STEPS (Dissertations the fruit growing troll)

The Steps (Dissertations the fruit growing troll) on front-page of volume are visible ruins and stairway of the famous Machu Picchu. Five  selfdetermined head stands the volume, essentially the author yet career one - one station, which the plant sexuality, the fruit cropping and sure environmental and plant health problems searching is comprising reached results engaged on 310 page, with 130 tables and 79 figures. The volume is brandnew notification shape in Hungarian and international scientific literature

Phenological and fl ower morphological studies on different plum and prune cultivars

20–22 and 5–7 years of kind collection of 100 cultivars studied phenology and fl oral morphological basis of characteristics in 1994–1998 and 2009–2011. The varieties were collected 3–5 trees in the gene garden, all were on C. 359 myrobalan seedling. Detecting differences between the test cultivars are suitable for stamps, and also show that relatively short-term observations are useful for describing the comparison, to distinguish varieties. The taxonomic ordination of cultivars and groups of fruits suitable to distinguish colors shown that the fl owering and ripening time, the nature of the reproductive organs and even Sharka-rate sensitivity is associated with those groups. Differences between the age of trees mainly sexual organs and fertility were shown. Affecting rate of climatic effects was not as large as the first line of erratic rainfall, air temperature spikes or possible values would be expected. The results of the breed, a gene bank of perception, in particular, the localization of hybrids, clone-type variants are useful in the analysis. Among other things – this is due to late-maturing, relatively well-stored temporarily, and not-blue plums, Sharka-infected tolerant or resistant varieties selection (cf. SURÁNYI 2013a-c) and will be disseminate in Hungary