Determinasi Penyakit Tuberkulosis di Daerah Pedesaan

Menurut laporan WHO tahun 2013, prevalensi TB di Indonesia menempati urutanketiga setelah India dan China yaitu hampir 700 ribu kasus, angka kematian masihtetap 27/100 ribu penduduk. Karakteristik wilayah pedesaan menjadi determinantersendiri pada kejadian penyakit TB. Masalah penelitian,adalah bagaimana faktordeterminan TB pada penduduk di pedesaan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendeskripsikanfaktor determinan TB pada penduduk di pedesaan. Metode penelitian kualitatifmelalui wawancara mendalam dan dilakukan analisis deskripsi isi. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan sebagian besar penderita TB paru berpendidikan menengah, dalam masausia produktif, dan dalam kategori kurang mampu dari sisi ekonomi. Tempat tinggalsebagian besar penderita TB paru belum memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat baik dari sisikepadatan hunian, pencahayaan, ventilasi, dan kelembaban. Hampir semua penderitaTB paru mempunyai pengetahuan cukup baik, namun masih ada sebagian yang masihberperilaku buruk, yaitu tidak menutup mulut saat batuk. Peran tokoh masyarakat dipedesaan belum menunjang program pencegahan dan penanggulangan penyakit TBparu. Peran petugas kesehatan (koordinator TB paru) masih terbatas melaksanakanpengobatan, penyuluhan, dan belum melaksanakan pencarian kasus baru secara aktif.Simpulan penelitian, factor yang menjadi determinan penyakit TB di daerah pedesaanadalah pengetahuan, pendidikan, dan kondisi rumah. According to WHO report in 2013, the prevalence of TB in Indonesia ranks third aft er Indiaand China was nearly 700 thousand cases, the mortality rate was still 27/100 thousandsinhabitants. Characteristics of rural areas as determinant on TB incidence. Researchproblem was how the determinant factors of TB in rural areas. Research purpose to describethe determinant factors of TB in rural areas. Qualitative research method through indepthinterview and analysis content description. Th e results showed the majority of patients withpulmonary tuberculosis have secondary education, in the productive age period, and in lesscategory of economic. Most TB patients have not healthy home, both in residential density,lighting, ventilation, and humidity. Almost all patients with pulmonary tuberculosis havepretty good knowledge, but some of them have bad behaviour, which does not cover themouth when coughing. Th e role of leaders in rural communities not yet support to pulmonaryTB prevent and control programs. Th e role of health workers (coordinator of pulmonaryTB) was still limited for treatment, counseling, and did not make an active search of newcases. Th e conclusions, determinant factors of TB in rural areas were knowledge, education,and house conditions

Kadar Interferon Gamma pada Kontak Serumah dengan Penderita Tuberkulosis

Menurut World Health Organization sekitar sepertiga penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi kuman tuberkulosis dan deteksi dini pada kontak serumah dengan penderita memungkinkan upaya pengobatan dan pencegahan dilakukan dengan efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil pemeriksaan tes Mantoux dengan pemeriksaan serologis kadar interferon gamma (IFN - γ) pada kelompok kontak serumah dengan penderita tuberkulosis yang mempunyai hasil pemeriksaan basil tahan asam (BTA) positif. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort pada kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan pada penderita tuberkulosis (umur > 15 tahun). Pemilihan subjek dilakukan secara acak sederhana dan jumlah yang digunakan adalah 34 orang pada masing-masing kelompok. Penelitian ini menggunakan tes Mantoux selain observasi kadar IFN-γ. Analisis data menggunakan chi square dan tes Man Whitney. Penelitian tahun pertama menunjukkan hasil tes Mantoux positif pada kelompok terpajan sebesar 79,4% dan 5,9% pada kelompok tidak terpajan. Rata-rata kadar IFN - γ pada kelompok yang terpajan penderita tuberkulosis adalah 5,32 pg/ml sedangkan pada kelompok yang tidak terpajan sebesar 1,1 pg/ml. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara status paparan dengan hasil tes Mantoux (nilai p = 0,0001 dan x2= 34,631). Ada perbedaan rata-rata kadar IFNγ secara bermakna antara kelompok terpajan dengan kelompok yang tidak terpajan (nilai p = 0,0001). Masih diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengikuti perkembangan IFN-γ berdasarkan status paparan untuk mengetahui pola dan cut off point pada kontak serumah dengan penderita tuberkulosis.Kata kunci: Kadar interferon gamma, kontak serumah, penderita tuberkulosisWorld Health Organization estimated that one third people worldwide were infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. An early diagnosis and prompt treatment of possible pulmonary tuberculosis infection should be made for close contacts (housemate contacts) of patient with tuberculosis. The purpose of this research is to analyze the differences levels of IFN-γ and Tuberculine Skin Test (TST) on the housemate contacts and non-house- mate contacts with patients of tuberculosis. Cohort study performed on the housemate contacts and non-housemate contacts with patients of tuberculosis (age > 15 years old). We collected data with simple random sampling on 68 persons (34 exposed and 34 unexposed). Bivariate associations were described using chi square and Man Whitney test. During the first year of study, 76,4% of exposed persons with TST positive and 5,9% of unexposed persons. Average levels of IFN - γ in exposed persons 5,32 pg/ml, whereas in other groups 1,1 pg/ml. There is relationship between exposure sta- tus and unexposed status of TST (p value = 0,0001 and x2 = 34,631). There are differences in mean levels of IFN - γ between group exposed and unexposed (p value = 0,0001). Further research will be needed to keep abreast of IFN - γ level on the basis of exposure status to know the cut off point on the housemate contacts with patients of tuberculosis

Beberapa Faktor Risiko Kejadian Rabies pada Anjing di Ambon

The objective of this study is to identify relation and risk factors of knowledges, attitudes and practices about dog cares with rabies cases. The design of this study is case-control. Samples of this study consist of 65 cases and 65 controls. Samples are taken by simple random sampling, chi square test and odds ratio used in data analysis. Results of this study show that respondents with good knowledges are 52,3%. There is a relation between knowledges about dog care with the dog rabies (p=0,002, OR=3,1). Respondents with good attitude are 51,5%. There is no relation between attitude of dog care with the dog rabies (p=0,380 Â OR = 1,3). Respondents with bad practice are 50,8% and there is a relation between practice of dog care with the dog rabies (p=0,001, Â OR=8,6). In conclusion, the knowledge about dog care and bad practice of dog care becomes the risk factor of the dog rabies

Representasi Ideologi dan Kekuasaan dalam Bahasa: Kajian Teks Media

This article is based on the assumption that language is not in a social vacuum. Language is more than a set of words that merely linguistic, but also social. Therefore, the current linguistic research should take into account the social dimension in the analysis are critical, such as van Dijk's critical discourse analysis (CDA) research model. The critical discourse analysis research considering the text, context, social cognition, and analysis/social context. Research steps include: exposing the macro structure (thematic), superstructure (schematic), and microstructure consisting of semantics, syntax, stylistic, and rhetoric. Accordingly, this study uses the method read and record while research data has been collected from Suara Merdeka and Kompas newspaper. Finally concluded that the language represents the ideology and power (symbolic) both individual and communal

Struktur Iklan Dalam Bahasa Indonesia

Language USAge in "kecik" ad in "Suara Merdeka" was almost overlook that it actually (read: "kecik" ad) is one of the literary phenomenon that is not less interesting than the other literary phenomenon. If during this time can be said to escape from the attention perhaps because it is a small "kecik" thing, but if further researched it is quite interesting. First, for example in terms of morphology it is found the structure of contraction, perpetuation of consonants and vowels, like "jl (jual or jalan), ist (istimewa), BU (butuh uang), cpt (cepat), PS (power steering)". Second, from the aspect of syntactic the structure of "kecik" ad is characterized by perpetuation of a form of the phrase, as well as the utilization of various forms of active and passive sentences, etc. Third, from the aspect of lexicon in "kecik" ad is turned out to be structured in Indonesian, English, Javanese, and Betawi language, for example, in the ad is found some Javanese words like "maknyus, anyar, cespleng"; in Indonesian with Betawi dialect like "doang"; and in English like "PS (power steering)"

Faktor Risiko Lingkungan Kejadian Leptospirosis di Jawa Tengah (Studi Kasus di Kota Semarang, Kabupaten Demak dan Pati)

Background : Leptospirosis is zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria and transmitted to human through contact with animal urine and contaminated environment.The number of cases increased since 2005, particulary Semarang, Demak, and Pati regency. The purpose of this study is to analyze environmental risk factors related to leptospirosis incidence in Central Java. Method : This research was an explanatory research with observational method using case control design. The subjects were 60 cases and 60 controls recruted with inclusion criteria. Diagnosis of control was based on clinical diagnosis and examination of blood sample with Leptotek Lateral Flow. The data was analyzed in univariate, bivariate and multivariate tests using logistic regression. Result : The results of this research found that physical environmental factors that influenced the incidence of leptospirosis were stagnant water of the ditch (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1,282-9,301; p = 0.014) and habit of taking bath or washing in the river (OR = 7.5; 95% CI: 1.534- 36.185; p = 0.014). Recomendation: It was sugested for Health Departement to control the risk factors of physical environment by cooperating with relevant agencies, especially PROKASIH (Clean River Program). People need to keep cleaning the house and the neighborhood, especially the existence of pools of water around the house and do not get a shower and take out the trash / dead mouse in a river

Risk Factors Host of Leptospirosis in Demak District

Leptospirosis adalah penyakit zoonosis yang disebabkan oleh bakteri yang termasuk genus Leptospira. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan beberapa faktor risiko leptospirosis pada host. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengidentifikasi faktor risiko leptospirosis pada host di Kabupaten Demak. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, didukung dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Jumlah responden sebanyak 80 responden, terdiri dari 40 kasus dan 40 kontrol, dan dipilih dengan consecutive sampling. Instrumen yang dipakai adalah kuesioner terstruktur. Variabel yang terbukti secara bermakna merupakan faktor risiko leptospirosis adalah kontak dengan tikus (OR = 7,019; 95% CI = 1,665-29,590; p = 0,008), pekerjaan berisiko (OR = 6,317; 95% CI = 1,587-25,151; p = 0,009) dan keberadaan selokan yang buruk (OR = 5,762; 95% CI = 1,546-21,480; p = 0,009). Variabel yang tidak terbukti sebagai faktor risiko leptospirosis adalah keberadaan luka, kurangnya pengetahuan dan sikap tentang leptospirosis, keberadaan kotoran tikus, dan tempat penyimpanan bahan makanan matang yang tidak aman. Ketiga faktor risiko tersebut memberikan kontribusi terhadap kejadian leptospirosis di Kabupaten Demak sebesar 92,85%. Kata kunci: faktor risiko, host, leptospirosis, Dema