Motivbasierte Passung von Sportprogrammen: Explizite Motive und Ziele als Moderatoren von Befindlichkeitsveränderungen durch sportliche Aktivität

Zusammenfassung: Für das Phänomen einer Steigerung des aktuellen Wohlbefindens durch Sportaktivitäten resümieren Sekundäranalysen, dass Verbesserungen kaum generalisierbar sind, sondern personale und situative Einflussfaktoren zur Präzisierung der Effekte herangezogen werden müssen. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, inwieweit explizite Motive und Ziele von Menschen im mittleren Erwachsenenalter als Moderatoren von Befindlichkeitsveränderungen auftreten. In einem Quasi-Experiment wurden fünf Sportprogramme über drei Monate realisiert. Die Programme wurden auf "motivbasierte Sporttypen" (Sudeck, Lehnert & Conzelmann, 2011) abgestimmt, die Personengruppen mit ähnlichen Motiv- und Zielprofilen charakterisieren. Es nahmen 133Personen entweder an einem auf ihr Motiv- und Zielprofil maßgeschneiderten oder einem nicht maßgeschneiderten Sportprogramm teil. Der Einfluss dieser motivbasierten Passung wurde anhand der Befindlichkeitsdimensionen Valenz, Ruhe und positive Aktivierung während und nach Sporteinheiten mit Handheld-PCs ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf moderierende Einflüsse von expliziten Motiven und Zielen hin. Diese Moderation war nicht genereller Natur, sondern zeigte sich in Abhängigkeit der spezifischen Ziele und Inhalte der Sportprogramme sowie individueller erholungsbezogener Ziele. Die Ergebnisse legen eine systematischere Berücksichtigung der Vielfalt subjektiver Beweggründe bei der Gestaltung von Freizeit- und Gesundheitssportprogrammen nah

Effekte einer individualisierten Sportberatung im Betrieb

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Die Betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung (BGF) gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die individualisierte Sportberatung stellt eine personenbezogene Maßnahme der BGF dar, welche die Steigerung sportlicher Aktivität beabsichtigt. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, die Wirksamkeit einer individualisierten Sportberatung am Arbeitsplatz zu überprüfen. Methode: Eine Sportberatung à 60-90min erhielten 86 Mitarbeitende. Die aktuelle Sportaktivität wurde sowohl während der Interventionsmaßnahme als auch 6Wochen danach erfragt. Zu T2 wurde zudem die Impulswahrnehmung zur Verhaltensänderung erfasst. Die Daten wurden mittels Rangkorrelationen und t-Tests ausgewertet. Ergebnis: Bei der Gesamtstichprobe hob sich das Sportvolumen von 173 auf 228min/Woche an (ES = 0,34). Insbesondere Mitarbeitende, welche zu T1 inaktiv waren (ES = 0,76), < 90min/Woche (ES = 0,63) oder zwischen 90-180min/Woche (ES = 0,53) sportlich aktiv waren, berichteten zu T2 von größeren Aktivitätsumfängen. Diskussion: Die Befunde sprechen für eine Integration der individualisierten Sportberatung in die BGF, wobei die personenbezogene Maßnahme mit verhältnisbezogenen Maßnahmen ergänzt werden sollt

The Natural Environment of Physical Activity and Perceived Stress: The Mediating Role of Specific Recovery Experiences

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential psychological mechanism of green exercise on perceived stress. More precisely, it was analyzed whether the relationship between the natural environment of physical activity and perceived stress was mediated by recovery experiences, namely by psychological detachment and relaxation. An ecological momentary assessment approach was used, meaning that specific recovery experiences were assessed directly in real-life situations and multiple times. Materials and methods: Thirty five women and 27 men took part in the ecological momentary assessment study over seven days (Mage = 32.30 years, SD = 10.23, 53% had a degree from a university or a university of applied science). If participants were involved in PA lasting at least 10 min on a given day, they had to answer questionnaires on the smartphone both prior to the activity and immediately afterwards. Perceived naturalness, psychological detachment and relaxation were assessed after physical activity events, whereas perceived stress was measured before and after each physical activity event. A two-level mediation analysis was conducted. The direct and indirect effect of perceived naturalness on perceived stress after engagement in physical activity was analyzed on the within- and between-person levels. Results and conclusion: Results showed that the relaxation as a recovery experience served as mediator between perceived naturalness and perceived stress after engagement in physical activity, but only on a within-person level. This means that the more natural a given individual appraised the physical activity environment, the more relaxed he or she felt during physical activity (β = 0.322, p < 0.0005). Furthermore the more relaxed the individual was, the less stress he or she perceived after exercising (β = −0.221, p < 0.0005). The psychological detachment as a recovery experience in contrast, did not serve as mediator, neither at the within- and the between-person level. Considering the indirect effect of perceived naturalness on perceived stress and the importance of relaxation experiences, current findings suggest that research should put greater emphasis on examining the specific psychological mechanisms of green exercise to make even better use of its beneficial effects in the future

Theorien in Sportlehrerbildung und Sportunterricht

Theorien in Sportlehrerbildung und Sportunterrich

Exercise Experiences and Changes in Affective Attitude: Direct and Indirect Effects of In Situ Measurements of Experiences

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between exercise experiences (perceptions of competence, perceived exertion, acute affective responses to exercise) and affective attitudes toward exercise. This relationship was analyzed in a non-laboratory setting during a 13-weeks exercise program. Materials and Methods: 56 women and 49 men (aged 35–65 years; Mage = 50.0 years; SD = 8.2 years) took part in the longitudinal study. Affective responses to exercise (affective valence, positive activation, calmness) as well as perceptions of competence and perceived exertion were measured at the beginning, during, and end of three exercise sessions within the 13-weeks exercise program. Affective attitude toward exercise were measured before and at the end of the exercise program. A two-level path analysis was conducted. The direct and indirect effects of exercise experiences on changes in affective attitude were analyzed on the between-person level: firstly, it was tested whether perceptions of competence and perceived exertion directly relate to changes in affective attitude. Secondly, it was assessed whether perceptions of competence and perceived exertion indirectly relate to changes in affective attitudes—imparted via the affective response during exercise. Results and Conclusion: At the between-person level, a direct effect on changes in affective attitude was found for perceptions of competence (β = 0.24, p < 0.05). The model revealed one significant indirect pathway between perceived exertion and changes in affective attitude via positive activation: on average, the less strenuous people perceive physical exercise to be, the more awake they will feel during exercise (β = -0.57, p < 0.05). Those people with higher average levels of positive activation during exercise exhibit more improvements in affective attitudes toward exercise from the beginning to the end of the 13-weeks exercise program (β = 0.24, p < 0.05). Main study results have revealed that in situ experiences predicted changes in affective attitude during multi-week exercise programs. These relevant in situ experiences encompass cognitive factors, the sensation of interoceptive cues, and affective responses to exercise. Considering the predictive role of affective attitudes for exercise behavior, these findings suggest that exercise interventions should put greater emphasis on specific exercise experiences

The Relation of Attitude Toward Technology and Mastery Experience After an App-Guided Physical Exercise Intervention: Randomized Crossover Trial

Background Physical exercise has been found to assert a positive impact on many muscular conditions. Exercise under face-to-face supervision is the gold standard, but access to it is limited, for instance, for economic reasons. App-guided therapy is an intervention that is more affordable and easily accessible. However, attitude toward technology is a key predictor for media adoption and is therefore expected to shape user experience during app-guided therapy. This might be of particular importance for mastery experience, which is crucial for promoting exercise-related self-efficacy and perceived usefulness of the interaction. Both should empower patients to continuously exercise. Objective This study sought to test whether attitudes toward technology predict mastery experience and perceived usefulness of the interaction after an app- versus a physiotherapist-guided treatment. We expect that attitudes toward technology positively predict both outcomes in case of the app-guided but not in case of the physiotherapist-guided treatment. Methods Patients (n=54) with clinically diagnosed hip osteoarthritis participated in 2 training sessions with the same exercise intervention, once guided by an app on a tablet computer and once guided by a physiotherapist in a German university hospital. The order of the sessions was randomized. Attitude toward technology was assessed as predictor before the first session, while mastery experience and the global perceived usefulness of interaction as self-reported outcomes after each session. Results In line with our hypotheses, attitude toward technology predicted mastery experience (b=0.16, standard error=0.07, P=.02) and usefulness of interaction (b=0.17, standard error=0.06, P=.01) after the app-based training but not after the training delivered by a physiotherapist (P>.3 in all cases). Mastery experience was lower for the app-based training but reached a very similar level as the physiotherapist-guided training for those holding a very positive attitude toward technology. Conclusions The attitude toward technology predicts the extent of mastery experience after app-guided exercise therapy. As mastery experience is highly important for self-efficacy and future exercise behavior, attitudes toward technology should be considered when delivering app-guided exercise treatments

Physical activity promotion in daily exercise therapy: the perspectives of exercise therapists in German rehabilitation settings

Background This study aims to explore exercise therapists’ perspectives on the topic of physical activity promotion (PAP) with a focus on identifying (i) the intervention content and methodological approaches used for promoting physical activity (PA) in daily practice and (ii) the barriers and facilitators that affect PAP. Methods This qualitative study comprised the heads of exercise therapy departments (n = 58; 41% women; mean age = 45 years) from different rehabilitation clinics in Germany. Each participant took part in a semi-structured focus-group discussion on PAP in exercise therapy. The findings of the focus groups were processed and interpreted using a conventional qualitative content analysis. Results The exercise therapists demonstrated detailed didactic–methodological strategies and action orientations for PAP. The identified core topics of the content and methods of PAP were (1) conceptualization, (2) exercise and PA for enjoyment and pleasure, (3) education with practice–theory combinations, (4) media and materials for self-directed training, and (5) strategies to enhance personal responsibility and independence. The core topics for the associated barriers and facilitators were (1) structural conditions, (2) the role of exercise therapists, (3) the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team, (4) rehabilitant experiences and expectations, and (5) aftercare services. Conclusion The topic of PAP is addressed with a high level of variability; exercise therapists involved in this study identify various methods and content for the promotion of PA within their individual practices. However, they display a limited awareness of existing evidence- and theory-based concepts for the promotion of PA as well as underlying theories of behavioural change. This variability may be due to the lack of a defined common framework for promoting PA, insufficient emphasis being placed on PA promotion in the current curricula and training, or extensive conceptual differences within German exercise therapy departments (e.g. different weighting of PAP)

Saving lives through life-threatening measures? The COVID-19 paradox of infection prevention in long-term care facilities [commentary].

The current SARS Cov-2 infection control measures have paradoxical effects. On the one hand, the lockdown measures help to protect vulnerable populations in particular. On the other hand, these measures inevitably have the effect that those who are to be protected not only become socially isolated and are exposed to enormous psychological stress, but also break down physically due to inactivity. Thus, the activation that is omitted in the lockdown is not compensated by external reference groups, which also indicates that important conditions for healthy ageing are not given in long-term care facilities