Design of Phase Locked Loop

In the optical communication in a backbone infra structure, flexibility means, for example, programmable bitrates requiring a PLL with robust operation over a wide range of frequency range. A wide range PLL could be used by different protocols and applications so that we maximize the reusability and reduce time to market. In this report we try to present an extended frequency CMOS monolithic VCO design. A negative feedback control algorithm is used to automatically adjust the VCO range according to control voltage. Based on this analog feedback control algorithm, the VCO achieves a wide range without any pre-register settings. Here we discuss about different component of PLL (Phase Lock Loop), mainly on Phase Frequency Detectors and VCO (voltage controlled oscillator). Here we proposed different architecture of Phase frequency detectors and also of VCOs and designed many architecture in mentor graphics

MINERAL STATUS IN FEMALE DOGS WITH MALIGNANT MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS FED WITH DIFFERENT HABITUAL DIETS

The present study estimated the level of some macro and micro minerals in female dogs with mammary gland tumors fed with different habitual diets. Female dogs bearing malignant mammary tumors were divided into two groups; group-I (n=12) fed only with balanced commercial diet and group-II (n=12) fed only with homemade diet. Ten physiologically healthy female dogs were taken as control. Trace elements viz. iron, copper, zinc and manganese were estimated in plasma and mammary tumor tissues. Calcium and phosphorus were exclusively estimated in plasma. Plasma concentrations of iron, copper and calcium were found to be significantly (p<0.05) elevated in homemade diet group as compared to control. However, the level of zinc, manganese and phosphorus in plasma of female dogs fed only with homemade diet was decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to control. The mammary gland tissue analysis of iron, copper, zinc and manganese has revealed that their level was found to be significantly (p<0.05) increased in mammary gland tumor tissues of both commercial and homemade diet group as compared to normal mammary tissues. The study concluded that, homemade diet significantly influence the plasma mineral status in the tumor bearing female dogs. However, mineral levels in mammary tumor tissues were altered irrespective of diet types

Understanding of MILD Combustion Characteristics of NH3 Air Flames in N2 And H2O Steam Diluted Environment at Atmospheric Pressure

Ammonia is becoming increasingly popular as a carbon-neutral fuel with zero carbon dioxide emissions. However, a significant hurdle lies in its combustion, which leads to substantial emissions of NOx. The current research involves conducting a chemical kinetic investigation to examine the characteristics of Intense Low oxygen Dilution (MILD) or Moderate combustion in ammonia (NH3)/air flames. This study is carried out under specific conditions, such as oxygen concentrations ranging from 11to 23%, premixed reactant temperatures between 1300 and 1700 K, and a pressure of one atmosphere. The study focuses on investigating the combustion characteristics of MILD using dilution with H2O and N2.With the rise in the inlet temperature of the premixed reactant, the peak temperature of the flame also rises. Moreover, flames diluted with H2O exhibit lower peak temperatures compared to flames diluted with N2.Flames diluted with H2O result in lower NOx emissions compared to flames diluted with N2. Additionally, for N2diluted flames, the exit NOx emissions rise as the oxygen concentration increases.Despite this, NOx emissions from H2Odiluted flames demonstrate non-monotonic behaviour.This means that the exit NOx increases initially as the oxygen concentration reaches 21%, but then begins to decrease. In contrast to N2and H2Odiluted flames exhibits a wider regime of no-ignition.Moreover, the rise in peak temperature in H2Odiluted flames is less apparent than in N2diluted flames, corresponding to broader ranges&nbsp;MILD combustion ranges.Furthermore, to attain MILD combustion in H2O diluted flames at a specific O2 concentration, the temperature of reactant needs to be higher than that required for N2diluted flames. &nbsp

Proposed Method for Shoot-Through in Three Phase ZSI and Comparison of Different Control Techniques

<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR">This paper presented the new methodology for different control techniques applied to three phase Z-source inverter for minimisation of switching losses. The procedure for proposed control techniques and its effects on the performance of operation of three phase Z-source inverter are analyzed. The graphs for </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="IN">voltage gain and voltage stress are drawn for different control methods. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR">The flow-chart for the symmetrical and unsymmetrical </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="IN">control techniques for creating pulse signals for switches of three phase inverter are shown</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR">. All the methods are studied and compared with each other. The Total harmonic distortion (THD) of output voltage of both the control methods has been analyzed using FFT analysis. The </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="IN">experiments</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR"> done and the results shown for capacitor voltage, load current and load line voltage for simple boost and constant boost control techniques are presented using MATLAB/ Simulink.</span></span

Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark powder on some diagnostic enzymes in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ingesting arsenic contaminated water and fodder

Aim: The study investigated the effect of Terminalia arjuna bark powder on some diagnostic enzymes related to hepatic and muscle function in buffaloes ingesting arsenic contaminated water and fodder in an arsenic affected area. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 samples of tube well water, fodder and buffalo blood were collected through a survey from arsenic contaminated areas and 20 samples from the uncontaminated, i.e., control areas of Ludhiana district, Punjab for determination of arsenic concentration. A total of 30 buffaloes (selected from above 45 animals) were divided into three groups of 10 each on the basis of blood arsenic level, viz., control group: Clinically healthy buffaloes from the uncontaminated area with the blood arsenic level within the normal limit (0-0.05 ppm); Arsenic exposed group: Buffaloes exposed to arsenic through intake of contaminated water and fodder in the arsenic affected area with the blood arsenic level above the normal limit of 0-0.05 ppm; treatment group: Arsenic exposed buffaloes treated with T. arjuna bark powder orally at 42 mg/kg b.w. OD for 30 days. Single blood samples were collected from control and arsenic exposed groups. Blood samples from the treatment group were collected on 0, 15th, and 30th day of treatment along with one sample on the 45th day, i.e., after withdrawal of treatment. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) were assayed in plasma. Results: Significantly (p<0.05) higher arsenic concentration was observed in tube well water, fodder and buffalo blood samples collected from the arsenic contaminated area. A significant positive correlation was noticed between arsenic concentrations of tube well water, fodder and untreated buffalo blood samples, collected from the arsenic affected area. ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK activities were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the arsenic exposed buffaloes compared to control. Treatment with T. arjuna bark powder reduced the plasma levels of ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK in arsenic exposed buffaloes comparable to that of control. Conclusion: Exposure to arsenic altered the hepatic and muscle function enzymes in buffaloes. T. arjuna bark powder supplementation lowered the ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK activities in arsenic exposed buffaloes toward the values exhibited by the control group

A Critical Analysis of Modeling Aspects of D-STATCOMs for Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Power Distribution Networks

Distribution static compensators (D-STATCOMs) can enhance the technical performance of the power distribution network by providing rapid and continuous reactive power support to the connected bus. Accurate modeling and efficient utilization of D-STATCOMs can maximize their utility. In this regard, this article offers a novel current-injection-based D-STATCOM model under the power control mode of operation for the reactive power compensation of the power distribution network. The versatility of the proposed D-STATCOM model is demonstrated by combining it with two of the most established distribution load flow techniques, viz., the forward–backward sweep load flow and the BIBC–BCBV-matrix-based direct load flow. Further, the allocation of the proposed D-STATCOM model is carried out under a multiobjective mathematical formulation consisting of various technical and economic indices such as the active power loss reduction index, voltage variation minimization index, voltage stability improvement index and annual expenditure index. A novel parameter-free metaheuristic algorithm, namely a student-psychology-based optimization algorithm, is proposed to determine the optimal assignment of the different number of D-STATCOM units under the multiobjective framework. The proposed allocation scheme is implemented on a standard 33-bus test system and on a practical 51-bus rural distribution feeder. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed D-STATCOM model can be efficiently integrated into the distribution load flow algorithms. The student-psychology-based optimization algorithm is found to be robust and efficient in solving the optimal allocation of D-STATCOMs as it yields minimum power loss compared to other established approaches for 33-bus PDNs. Further, the economic analysis carried out in this work can guide network operators in deciding on the number of D-STATCOMs to be augmented depending on the investment costs and the resulting savings

Air Pollution in The Industrial Areas of Temple City, Bhubaneswar, And Various Measures for It

The presence of pollutants that are hazardous to the environment, human health, and the health of other living things is referred to as air pollution. Air pollution is also brought on by natural disasters like wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and sand/dust storms. All greenhouse gases emitted from various sources contribute to pollution. The majority of cities are polluted by PM2.5 and PM10. Many cities have SO2 and NO2 levels that are below the legal limit. There are a variety of poisons in the air, but PM2.5 is the most dangerous of them all. Monitoring pollutant gas levels on a regular basis can help with air pollution control. According to regional coefficients of variation, PM10 has greater variability than PM2.5, and this variability is stronger in traffic-affected inner city environments than in suburban places.&nbsp; The manufacturing, construction, energy, and mining industries of Bhubaneswar are particularly prone to releasing air pollutants. These may include particulate matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other hazardous chemicals.&nbsp;&nbsp;The federal government and municipalities have implemented a number of initiatives to combat air pollution. These include putting into effect car emission rules, encouraging the use of cleaner fuels, and creating programmes to cut industrial emissions. The government is also focusing on expanding green space, enhancing public transit, and raising public awareness of the significance of lowering air pollution