2 research outputs found
The application of expansion foam on liquefied natural gas (LNG) to suppress LNG vapor and LNG pool fire thermal radiation
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) hazards include LNG flammable vapor dispersion and
LNG pool fire thermal radiation. A large LNG pool fire emits high thermal radiation
thus preventing fire fighters from approaching and extinguishing the fire. One of the
strategies used in the LNG industry and recommended by federal regulation National
Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 59A is to use expansion foam to suppress LNG
vapors and to control LNG fire by reducing the fire size.
In its application, expansion foam effectiveness heavily depends on application rate,
generator location, and LNG containment pit design. Complicated phenomena involved
and previous studies have not completely filled the gaps increases the needs for LNG
field experiments involving expansion foam. In addition, alternative LNG vapor
dispersion and pool fire suppression methodology, Foamglas® pool fire suppression
(PFS), is investigated as well.
This dissertation details the research and experiment development. Results regarding
important phenomena are presented and discussed. Foamglas® PFS effectiveness is
described. Recommendations for advancing current guidelines in LNG vapor dispersion
and pool fire suppression methods are developed. The gaps are presented as the future
work and recommendation on how to do the experiment better in the future. This will
benefit LNG industries to enhance its safety system and to make LNG facilities safer
The integration of Dow's Fire and Explosion Index into process design and optimization to achieve an inherently safer design
The integration of the safety parameter into process design and optimization is
essential. However, there is no previous work in integrating the fire and explosion index
(F&EI) into design and optimization. This research proposed a procedure for integrating
safety into the design and optimization framework by using the safety parameter as
optimization constraint. The method used in this research is DowâÂÂs Fire and Explosion
Index which is usually calculated manually.
This research automates the calculation of F&EI. The ability to calculate the
F&EI, to determine loss control credit factors and business interruption, and to perform
process unit risk analysis are unique features of this F&EI program. In addition to F&EI
calculation, the F&EI program provides descriptions of each item of the penalties,
chemicals/materials databases, the flexibility to submit known chemical/material data to
databases, and material factor calculations. Moreover, the sensitivity analyses are
automated by generating charts and expressions of F&EI as a function of material
inventory and pressure. The expression will be the focal point in the process of
integrating F&EI into process design and optimization framework. The proposed procedure of integrating F&EI into process design and
optimization framework is verified by applying it into reactor-distillation column
system. The final result is the optimum economic and inherently safer design for the
reactor and distillation column system