The goal conflict model:A theory of hedonic regulation of eating behavior

Early theories of overweight and obesity (psychosomatic theory, externality theory, and boundary model of eating) assume that individuals with obesity overeat because their ability to recognize internal hunger and satiation cues is impaired. According to the boundary model of eating, this reduced sensitivity is a consequence of their consistent attempts to control (i.e., restrain) their food intake to keep to their diet. As long as they can focus on their food intake, they can be successful in their eating restraint. However, if their control motivation or ability is compromised (e.g., by strong emotions), they overeat. According to the goal conflict model of eating, restrained eaters overeat, because they enjoy eating. However, because they also want to avoid weight gain, their eating enjoyment goal is in conflict with their goal to control their weight. Although weight control is their focal goal, extended exposure to palatable food stimuli increases the cognitive accessibility of their eating enjoyment goal, until it becomes the dominant motive resulting in overeating. This model cannot only account for all empirical findings of research conducted to test the boundary model (including findings inconsistent with that model), but makes also novel predictions that have been supported by empirical research using methods of cognitive psychology

Student Evaluations of Teaching Encourages Poor Teaching and Contributes to Grade Inflation:A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

Student Evaluations of Teaching (SETs) do not measure teaching effectiveness, and their widespread use by university administrators in decisions about faculty hiring, promotions, and merit increases encourages poor teaching and causes grade inflation. Students need to get good grades, and faculty members need to get good SETs. Therefore, SETs empower students to shape faculty behavior. This power can be used to reward lenient-grading instructors who require little work and to punish strict-grading instructors. This article reviews research that shows that students (a) reward teachers who grade leniently with positive SETs, (b) reward easy courses with positive SETs, and (c) choose courses that promise good grades. The study also shows that instructors want (and need) good SETs

Is the energy balance explanation of the obesity epidemic wrong?

There is a striking discrepancy in both U.S and the U.K data between obesity rates, which are increasing, and self-reported food consumption rates, which are decreasing. There are two possible explanations for this discrepancy, namely that the widely accepted energy balance interpretation of obesity is wrong or that food consumption data are somehow biased. In a comment entitled “Obesity-an unexplained epidemic”, Mozaffarian (2022) challenged the Energy Balance Model (EBM) and argued for a need to replace it with a novel biological theory. This challenge is premature, because there are psychological explanations for this discrepancy, namely that individuals with overweight and obesity underreport their food consumption and that this tendency has increased in recent years. To support these hypotheses, U.S and U.K data are reviewed that used the Doubly Labelled Water method (DLW), which is the gold standard for estimating energy expenditure. Such studies find not only consistent evidence of underreporting, but also that the discrepancy between measured energy expenditure and reported calorie consumption increased over time. Two psychological explanations for this pattern are discussed.</p

Is rumination after bereavement linked with loss avoidance? : Evidence from eye-tracking

Funding: This research was funded by a Zon-MW TOP Grant of the Dutch Society for Scientific Research (NWO) under Grant number 91208009. Website: www.zonmw.nl. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Поняття та ознаки юридичної колізії

Розглядаються основні теоретичні підходи до визначення поняття юридичної колізії. В статті акцентується увага на необхідності розуміння колізії саме як про­тиріччя норм права, а не нормативних актів. Наведено авторське визначення поняття юридичної колізії.Рассматриваются оснорвные теоретические подходы к определению понятия юридической коллизии. В статье акцентируется внимание на необходимости понима­ния коллизии именно как противоречия норм права, а не нормативних актов. Приво­диться авторское определение понятия юридической коллизии.The author analyzed modern theoretical approaches to definition of conflict of laws and analyzed conflict of laws in legislation of Ukraine. The author substantiates the conclusion that conflicts of law is a conflict between legal rules, not between statutes. The author’s defi­nition of conflict of laws is given

What Can We Learn from Many Labs Replications?

Several hundred research groups attempted replications of published effects in so-called Many Labs studies involving thousands of research participants. Given this enormous investment, it seems timely to assess what has been learned and what can be learned from this type of project. My evaluation addresses four questions: First, do these replication studies inform us about the replicability of social psychological research? Second, can replications detect fraud? Third, does the failure to replicate a finding indicate that the original result was wrong? Finally, do these replications help to support or disprove any social psychological theories? Although evidence of replication failures resulted in important methodological changes, the 2015 Open Science Collaboration findings sufficed to make the point. To assess the state of social psychology, we have to evaluate theories rather than randomly selected research findings

The allure of forbidden food: on the role of attention in self-regulation

The aim of the present studies was to examine the impact of food cues on restrained eaters' attention for food. Previous research has shown that restrained eaters spontaneously activate hedonic thoughts in response to palatable food cues, and that such food cues also lead them to inhibit their dieting goal. We argue that as a consequence, restrained eaters' selective attention will automatically be drawn towards hedonically relevant food items. Consistent with our expectations, the results of two studies revealed that restrained eaters, but not unrestrained eaters, displayed an attentional bias for hedonically rated food items when they had been pre-exposed to food cues. However, this attentional bias did not occur when restrained eaters were primed with the concept of dieting, thereby rendering the regulation of eating behavior more successful. These findings are discussed in the context of implicit processes in self-regulation