Creació d’un programa informàtic per al monitoratge dels paràmetres de treball i a l’ajut al guiatge d’un tractor agrícola

L’objectiu projecte és desenvolupar un sistema d’ajut al guiatge universal adaptable a qualsevol vehicle que permeti incrementar significativament l’eficiència de les feines a realitzar per la maquinària al camp. El sistema proposat es pot configurar d’acord amb les característiques de la maquinària o de la tasca a realitzar i és capaç de guiar en línia recta i crear paral·leles a la passada recta de referència. Un altre objectiu és millorar el rendiment, la fiabilitat i la usabilitat del programari de monitoratge inicial instal·lat al tractor, com també caracteritzar el receptor GPS AgGPS 332 de Trimble® per a comprovar la precisió de l’aparell. Els resultats obtinguts en la millora del programa de monitoratge són molt satisfactoris a l’haver corregit imprecisions de funcionament que en limitaven l’usabilitat. Els resultats obtinguts en la caracterització del receptor AgGPS 332 permeten valorar millor quin tipus de correcció diferencial és més convenient per a la precisió de treball requerida segons el seu cost de posada en marxa i de funcionament.Els resultats obtinguts en la validació de l’ajut al guiatge, han validat el guiatge a 10 metres vista com un ajut al guiatge equivalent al guiatge manual quan la velocitat de treball és de 5 km/h, el tractorista té referències visuals i no està fatigat. Els resultats obtinguts pels guiatges a 3 i 50 metres no són satisfactoris a 5 km/h. Tanmateix, durant el procés de disseny, la realització dels assajos i durant l’anàlisi de resultats s’han identificat algunes mancances i limitacions i es proposen una sèrie de millores per tal de solucionar-les

Putatively identified FHB resistance related metabolites, other than phenylpropanoids, in rachis and spikelets of resistant wheat NIL with <i>Fhb1</i> upon <i>F. graminearum</i> or mock inoculation.

£<p>Detailed compound identification is presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040695#pone.0040695.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040695#pone.0040695.s006" target="_blank">S2</a>.</p>@<p>Fold change calculation: were based on relative intensity of metabolites, RRC =  RM/SM, PRr =  RP/RM, RRI =  (RP/RM)/(SP/SM); PRr;RRI  =  RP/RM, PRr fold change is reported for the metabolites detected only in NIL-R.</p><p>*<i>t</i> test significance at <i>P</i><0.05, <b>**</b><i>t</i> test significance at <i>P</i><0.01, *** <i>t</i> test significance at <i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>NIL =  Near isogenic line, Da: Daltons, RRC  =  Resistance related constitutive, RRI  =  Resistance related induced, PRr = Pathogenesis related metabolite detected in resistant NIL; RP =  resistant NIL with pathogen inoculation, RM =  resistant NIL with mock inoculation, SP =  susceptible NIL with pathogen inoculation, SM =  susceptible NIL with mock inoculation.</p

Accumulation of resistance indicator (RI) metabolites in wheat NILs with resistant and susceptible alleles of <i>Fhb1</i> inoculated with <i>F. graminearum</i> (a) Accumulation of DON, 3ADON and D3G; (b) Regression models to predict proportion of total DON converted to D3G (PDC) as a function of total DON produced (TDP).

<p>Where, DON  =  deoxynivalenol, 3ADON  = 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, D3G  =  DON-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside, TDP  =  total DON produced, PDC  =  proportion of DON converted to D3G.</p

<i>F. graminearum</i> induced shunt phenylpropanoid pathway showing the synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid amides following the conjugation of amides synthesized from amino acids with hydroxycinnamic acid CoA thioesters (Compounds in bold/red letters are detected in the study).

<p>Pathway adapted from <a href="http://pmn.plantcyc.org/ARA/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-5473" target="_blank">http://pmn.plantcyc.org/ARA/NEW-IMAGE?type=PATHWAY&object=PWY-5473</a>, 5474, 40.</p

DON & 3ADON accumulation and DON detoxification in wheat NILs^a with contrasting alleles of type II FHB resistance <i>Fhb1</i> inoculated with <i>F. graminearum</i>.

a<p>There was no significant difference between NIL-R and NIL-S for any of the metabolites, but the spikelet metabolites were significantly different from rachis.</p>b<p><i>P</i> values were derived based on two way ANOVA NIL-R = near isogenic line- resistant, NIL-S = near isogenic line- susceptible, DON  =  Deoxynivalenol, D3G  =  Deoxynivalenol-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside, TDP  =  Total DON produced (DON + D3G), PDC  =  Proportion of DON converted, 3ADON  = 3 Acetyl.</p

Venn diagram differentially accumulated metabolites (<i>P</i><0.05) detected in wheat NILs with resistant and susceptible alleles of <i>Fhb1</i> upon <i>F. graminearum</i> or mock inoculation.

<p>Numbers in dotted circle =  number of resistance related induced metabolites (RRI).</p

Laser scanning confocal micrographs of rachis sections, exhibiting secondary cell wall thickening, due to: a) HCAAs (blue fluorescence) and b) flavonoids (yellow fluorescence).

<p>RP is resistant NIL with <i>F. graminearum</i> (pathogen) inoculation, RM is resistant NIL with mock inoculation, SP is susceptible NIL with <i>F. graminearum</i> inoculation, SM is susceptible NIL with mock inoculation, mx is meta xylem, px is protoxylem, ph is phloem, c is cortical cells.</p

Fusarium head blight resistance related metabolites identified in rachis and spikelets of wheat NIL with resistant <i>Fhb1</i> allele upon <i>F. graminearum</i> or mock inoculation.

£<p>Detailed compound identification is presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040695#pone.0040695.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040695#pone.0040695.s006" target="_blank">S2</a>.</p>@<p>Fold change calculation: were based on relative intensity of metabolites, RRC =  RM/SM, PRr =  RP/RM, RRI =  (RP/RM)/(SP/SM); PRr;RRI  =  RP/RM, PRr fold change is reported for the metabolites detected only in NIL-R (qualitative) as the RRI fold change would be infinity.</p><p>*<i>t</i> test significance at <i>P</i><0.05, <b>**</b><i>t</i> test significance at <i>P</i><0.01, *** <i>t</i> test significance at <i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>NIL is Near isogenic line, Da: Daltons, RRC is Resistance related constitutive, RRI is Resistance related induced, PRr is Pathogenesis related metabolite detected in resistant NIL; RP is resistant NIL with pathogen inoculation, RM is resistant NIL with mock inoculation, SP is susceptible NIL with pathogen inoculation, SM is susceptible NIL with mock inoculation.</p

Resistance related induced (RRI) proteins identified in wheat NIL with resistant allele derived from Nyubai inoculated with <i>F. graminearum.</i>

@<p>RRI = (RP/RM)/(SP/SM). RP: resistant NIL with pathogen inoculation, RM: resistant NIL with mock inoculation, SP: susceptible NIL with pathogen inoculation, SM: susceptible NIL with mock inoculation.</p

Integrated Metabolo-Proteomic Approach to Decipher the Mechanisms by Which Wheat QTL (<em>Fhb1</em>) Contributes to Resistance against <em>Fusarium graminearum</em>

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Resistance in plants to pathogen attack can be qualitative or quantitative. For the latter, hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified, but the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. Integrated non-target metabolomics and proteomics, using high resolution hybrid mass spectrometry, were applied to identify the mechanisms of resistance governed by the fusarium head blight resistance locus, <em>Fhb1,</em> in the near isogenic lines derived from wheat genotype Nyubai.</p> <h3>Findings</h3><p>The metabolomic and proteomic profiles were compared between the near isogenic lines (NIL) with resistant and susceptible alleles of <em>Fhb1</em> upon <em>F. graminearum</em> or mock-inoculation. The resistance-related metabolites and proteins identified were mapped to metabolic pathways. Metabolites of the shunt phenylpropanoid pathway such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenolic glucosides and flavonoids were induced only in the resistant NIL, or induced at higher abundances in resistant than in susceptible NIL, following pathogen inoculation. The identities of these metabolites were confirmed, with fragmentation patterns, using the high resolution LC-LTQ-Orbitrap. Concurrently, the enzymes of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeoyl-CoA <em>O</em>-methyltransferase, caffeic acid <em>O</em>-methyltransferase, flavonoid <em>O</em>-methyltransferase, agmatine coumaroyltransferase and peroxidase were also up-regulated. Increased cell wall thickening due to deposition of hydroxycinnamic acid amides and flavonoids was confirmed by histo-chemical localization of the metabolites using confocal microscopy.</p> <h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study demonstrates that the resistance in <em>Fhb1</em> derived from the wheat genotype Nyubai is mainly associated with cell wall thickening due to deposition of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenolic glucosides and flavonoids, but not with the conversion of deoxynivalenol to less toxic deoxynivalenol 3-<em>O</em>-glucoside.</p> </div