EU ENLARGEMENT POLICY TOWARDS MACEDONIA AND THE WESTERN BALKANS: BASICS, CHARACTERISTICS AND PERSPECTIVES

AbstractEnlargement of the European Union is an important process, as it needs to havecomprehensive economic, security and infrastructural resources.EU understands its weakeningand tries to use it through well-thought-out politicians, because it will be activated with theneed to interest, activate and activate the entire system for managing the system by managingthe countries in their reform during the process of accessing. In this context, this paper aimsto address some of the important circumstances, aspects and factors of enlargement policy.EU, through its political and professional structures, prepares clearly defined criteria forthe entry of the Western Balkan countries, it encourages positive changes in these countries,but at the same time it must protect itself, by creating structures that monitor the progressof the these countries towards EU membership and structures that assist the process withexpertise.European countries, the founders of today’s European Union, and the once that entered,realized the need for its enlargement. Enlargement policy has achieved great success thanksto several factors that are elaborated in this paper.The process is financially supported, through increasing funds, and thus helps all aspiringcountries under the most favorable circumstances to infiltrate themselves in the economicsystem of EU, and while raising their economic capacity, these countries gain knowledge forthe EU economic system. The process is long due to the overall complexity of the approach,but it is certain

The business perspective of cloud computing for small and medium enterprises

Cloud computing has been described as a technological change brought about by the convergence of a number of new and existing technologies. It enables all businesses to get the best of technology at extremely economical costs. Both perspectives of the Cloud are important to be reviewed, of the provider’s side as well as the consumers of the technology. While a lot of research is currently taking place in the technology itself, there is an equally urgent need for understanding the business-related issues surrounding cloud computing. In this paper, we identify the strengths and weaknesses for the Cloud computing. First of all, the Cloud computing has much to offer to the small and medium enterprises. It allows them to run applications that are traditionally too complex or expensive (either because of prohibitive licensing costs or impractical hardware requirements), to outsource the commodity aspects of providing IT services, thus reducing the need for them to maintain the overheads of a dedicated computing facility, such as: small to no capital required, smaller IT staff necessary, increased security and compliance certifications handled outside of the company, access to the right level of compute power (as fast as is needed, and only what is needed), etc. It reduces the need for long start-up times for implementing new services and capabilities as well as the ongoing need for operator training

The Association between Asthma and Obesity in Children – Inflammatory and Mechanical Factors

BACKGROUND: Association of asthma and obesity has been demonstrated in numerous epidemiological studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of the association are not well understood. Both conditions are characterised by chronic tissue inflammation, which includes numerous different inflammatory markers, and possible atopy. AIM: The study aimed to investigate the association between asthma and obesity in children and assess several of potential underlying mechanisms, including the parameters of systemic inflammation (CRP, fibrinogen) and the mechanical effect of obesity on the respiratory system through parameters of lung function. An additional aim was to examine the role of atopy in overweight children with asthma and to investigate the type of respiratory inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included 72 patients in the age group of 7-15 years, including 38 with high body mass index (BMI), 16 with asthma and normal BMI, and 18 with asthma and high BMI for sex and age. Non-specific inflammatory markers (fibrinogen, CRP), eosinophilia, and total serum IgE were investigated. The patients underwent a skin prick test (SPT) with standard inhalant allergen extracts, measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide Fe (NO), and an assessment of lung function. RESULTS: In overweight groups of children we determined significantly higher values (p < 0.001) of both acute inflammatory reactants, CRP and fibrinogen, with no difference between children with and without asthma. There was a significant increase in eosinophilia, total IgE, and positive SPT in the asthmatic groups compared to the group of non-asthmatic patients (p < 0.001 for the three parameters). Compared to the group composed of overweight patients without asthma, the asthmatic patients had higher NO values (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the lung function parameters was found between the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: A positive association between asthma and obesity with inflammation as an underlying mechanism, eosinophilic one in asthmatic patients and non-eosinophilic one in overweight patients, was determined. It seems that the lung function parameters did not differ between asthmatic patients and overweight patients. No influence of atopy in the association between asthma and obesity was verified. Further analyses of specific inflammatory markers, for an in-depth evaluation of the mechanisms leading to the association of obesity and asthma, are warranted

Orthodontic Treatment of a Periodontally - Affected Adult Patient (Case Report)

BACKGROUND: The advanced periodontal disease is characterised by a strongly pronounced loss of attachment and reduction of the alveolar bone support, which leads to luxation, migration of the teeth, functional discomfort and poor facial aesthetics. CASE PRESENTATION: The aim of this paper is to present the case of a 26-year-old female patient, registered at the Clinic of Periodontology with highly expressed gingivitis, unsatisfactory periodontal status, presence of diastemas between the frontal teeth and attachment loss of 5-6 millimetres in different areas. We conducted a thorough classic periodontal treatment, as well as training for proper maintenance of oral hygiene, with frequent professional oral-prophylactic sessions, complemented with orthodontic treatment. Fixed orthodontic appliances were installed, and mild forces were applied for gradual levelling of the teeth, with constant control of the periodontal status. After 20 months of treatment, the patient was in retention. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic therapy of periodontally-affected teeth can begin only after exhaustive administration of a periodontal treatment. Orthodontic treatment as an addition to the periodontal restoration must be gradual with mild forces for an optimal dental response, thus helping to improve function, facial aesthetics and psychological confidence of adult patients

Y-chromosome haplogroup architecture confers susceptibility to azoospermia factor c microrearrangements: a retrospective study

Aim To assess the association between azoospermia factor c microrearrangements and semen quality, and between Y-chromosome background with distinct azoospermia factor c microrearrangements and semen quality impairment. Methods This retrospective study, carried out in the Research Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov,” involved 486 men from different ethnic backgrounds referred for couple infertility from 2002- 2017: 338 were azoospermic/oligozoospermic and 148 were normozoospermic. The azoospermia factor c microrearrangements were analyzed with sequence tagged site and sequence family variant markers, quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction, and multiplex ligation probe amplification analysis. The Y-haplogroups of all participants were determined with direct single nucleotide polymorphism typing and indirect prediction with short tandem repeat markers.Results Our participants had two types of microdeletions: gr/gr and b2/b3; three microduplications: b2/b4, gr/gr, and b2/b3; and one complex rearrangement gr/gr deletion + b2/b4 duplication. Impaired semen quality was not associated with microrearrangements, but b2/b4 and gr/ gr duplications were significantly associated with haplogroup R1a (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) and b2/b3 deletions with haplogroup E (P = 0.005). There were significantly more b2/b4 duplication carriers in Albanians than in Macedonians with haplogroup R1a (P = 0.031). Conclusion Even though azoospermia factor c partial deletions/duplications and Y-haplogroups were not associated with impaired semen quality, specific deletions/ duplications were significantly associated with distinct haplogroups, implying that the Y chromosome background may confer susceptibility to azoospermia factor c microrearrangements

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL ACCUMULATION ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUTURE MATERIALS IN PERIODONTAL SURGERY AND IMPLANTOLOGY

: The suture material is an artificial material used for intimate approximation of the wound edges until they can naturally adhere through collagen fibers. The accumulation of microbes varies depending on the quality and macrostructure of different suture materials. The ideal suture material should induce minimal tissue injury, resist bacterial contamination, and provide adequate tissue support. Aim of the study: The goal of this study is the evaluation of microbiological findings and the healing of the tissue by using 4 types of suture materials in various periodontal and implant surgical interventions. To achieve this objective, a comparative analysis of clinical and microbiological findings was conducted. Material and methods: The examination involved 20 participants divided into four groups. Each group received a different type of suture material: silk, polyamide, polyglycolic acid and poliglecaprone 25. The examinations were conducted 10 days after the surgery and comprised two parts: clinical and microbiological evaluations. Results: The highest number of colony-forming units (CFUs/ml) was observed with silk suture materials, followed by a decline in the subsequent groups: polyglycolic acid, poliglecaprone 25 and polyamide. The soft tissue healing index showed the best results with polyamide and poliglecaprone 25, while the worst results were associated with polyglycolic acid and silk. Conclusions: Monofilament suturing materials demonstrated lower bacterial accumulation and superior clinical characteristics compared to multifilament materials. Key words: Suturing materials, inflammation, bacterial accumulation, periodontal surgery, implantolog

Laser analgesic during orthodontic therapy

Introduction: Most of the patients feel pain 4 hours after the arch applying, gaining the highest level after 24 hours and its lowering in the next few days. Literature reports show that the fear of pain is a very important reason for discouraging the patient to agree for this kind of orthodontic treatment The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the biostimulative laser treatment in pain reduction in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and methods. Fifteen patients were treated with low energy level biostimulative diode laser, used 2 minutes per quadrant immediately after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances and in the following four days. The control group of 15 patients received analgesic therapy for period of five days. The pain was assessed subjectively as strong, medium or no pain. The pain disappeared in 20% of the subjects in the examined group after the first day, while in 60% and 26.6% of the subjects medium and isolated pain was still present at day 2 and 3, respectively. Results. The pain disappeared in all the patients treated with laser at day 5. In the control group, strong pain was present in all the subjects the first day, decreasing to 60% of strong pain and 20% medium pain the second day. After day three, the control group demonstrated medium localized pain in 40% of the cases, which dropped to 26.6% after the fourth day, suggesting delayed pain reduction, compared to the laser treated group. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the low energy laser treatment can successfully be used for pain reduction during the initial discomfort period after placing fixed orthodontic appliances

Innovative Employee Reward Methods Use and its Linkage with Employee Motivation and Performance

The presence of motivational methods and systems in companies defines its success. The perception of what motivates and should motivate employees towards achieving organizational and their own needs, has been changed over the years and the era of technological change, economic crisis and new achievements. Recognition of employee’s work and indentifying an innovative idea, followed by an innovative reward method can make a huge difference in the workspace and improve employee performance within the company. Does management encourage every single employee to contribute their ideas and implement the best ones? Many companies continue to offer employees the basic package that has been around for years like base salary, traditional benefits like health, welfare and retirement or maybe a profit-sharing plan. There are absolutely alternatives to consider. This is where manager’s creativity takes place. Many of the traditional reward methods are tied to performance, but employers should also consider non-performance based methods. Another category of ideas is to consider motivating employees and maximise performance through implementing relationship-building programs. The lack of existence of innovative employee reward methods is identified in our research, which took place in 39 Macedonian organizations (218 employees). During the research we identified very few reward methods and many of them tie directly to employee performance. Considering the lack of the existence of innovative reward methods in our companies the basic step every employer should concentrate on, should be defining the right factors of motivation that are connected with other indicators and not just performance, as well as making this factors a part of an innovative employee reward method that will be accepted by employees and supported by the top management of companies

Simulation of granular media using parallel processing

A numerical simulation method in which quasi static mechanical equilibrium is achieved in distinct elements has been developed for two dimensional applications with elasto- frictional interactions. The method works on a step- by-step basis, using small strain steps, achieving equilibrium by means of a least squares routine in which particle displacements and spins are updated to minimise the sum of forces and the sum of moments on all elements. An error analysis is carried out which shows that for small strain steps a stable, robust routine is obtained. Some elements of the routine can be run in parallel and an implementation on a parallel processing system of 17 Transputers (including the Master Processor) is discussed. Various aspects of parallel implimentation are discussed. The language OCCAM is used. The routine uses a novel nonlinear elasto-frictional interaction, which can be integrated analytically. A number of simulations with discs at high packing density is shown. Dominant mechanisms are detected, both for isotropic compression and for a deviatoric stress path. These mechanisms include the making and breaking of contacts and the formation of force bridges. Observed macroscopic effects are dilatancy and reduced stiffness at higher stress ratio, followed by failure. The failure phenomena are identified indirectly by identification with a theoretical model. Simulations of metal-matrix composites are presented as mixtures of circular discs and rectangular fibres. Loose assemblies are considered. Similar mechanisms as in the case of circular discs are found and in addition the bending moment on the fibres is calculated. Great heterogeneity characterises all simulations