Fluorescence microscope images of nuclear counterstains with Hoechst staining and TUNEL assay.

<p>Proliferation (blue color) and apoptosis (small green spots) of MG-63 cell samples cultured with 0, 1, 10 and 30 mM of TSP for 1, 3 and 4 days were illustrated.</p

Changes in normalized DNA levels in samples of MG-63 cells during culture with various TSP concentrations: (a) 0 mM, (b) 1 mM, (c) 5 mM, (d) 10 mM, (e) 20 mM and (f) 30 mM.

<p>(n = 10, *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01).</p

Graphical representation of the normalized changes in cell viability during two weeks of culture with various concentrations of the NMR reference reagent, TSP (n = 10 for each group, *: p<0.05).

<p>Graphical representation of the normalized changes in cell viability during two weeks of culture with various concentrations of the NMR reference reagent, TSP (n = 10 for each group, *: p<0.05).</p

DNA amount and cell viability as a function of TSP concentration for each culture period.

<p><b>DNA amounts at day 1 (a), day 3 (b), day 7 (c) and day 14 (d); cell-viability at day 1 (e), day 3 (f), day 7 (g) and day 14 (h).</b> All values are normalized to TSP-zero values at each time point. (* p<0.05).</p

Graphical illustration of changes in DNA levels (cell proliferation) at days 1, 3, 7 and 14 with various TSP concentrations (0, 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 20 and 30 mM) by DNA assay (n = 10).

<p>Symbols indicate significant differences in comparison with the TSP-free (0 mM) specimen (§: p<0.02, †: p<0.01, ‡:p<0.001).</p

Changes in levels of non-fatty acid metabolites during chondrogenesis.

<p>Changes in levels of non-fatty acid metabolites during chondrogenesis.</p

One-way ANOVA of cell metabolites according to duration of chondrogenic differentiation.

<p>(a) Fatty acid 1, Tukey’s <i>posteriori</i> test; fatty acid 2, Dunnett’s T3 <i>posteriori</i> test. Statistical tests were performed for both the first and second hMSC chondrogenic differentiation experiments. (b) Alanine, GABA and glutamate. Tukey’s <i>posteriori</i> tests; *<i>p</i> < 0.05.</p

Variation of cell density per alginate bead during chondrogenesis.

<p>Variation of cell density per alginate bead during chondrogenesis.</p

Fatty acid changes during chondrogenesis.

<p>Fatty acid changes during chondrogenesis.</p

NMR spectrum of alginate beads without cells.

<p>NMR spectrum of alginate beads without cells.</p