DNA Binding, amelioration of oxidative stress, and molecular docking study of Zn(II) metal complex of a new Schiff base ligand

<p>A new Schiff base ligand, H₂L, and its Zn(II) complex were prepared and characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The elemental analysis results suggest the stoichiometry of the complex to be 1:1. The molar conductance study shows the non-electrolytic nature of the complex. Infrared spectra reveal that the metal ion is coordinated in tetradentate fashion which was further confirmed by NMR study. The synthesized complex was found to interact with CT-DNA quite efficiently. The DNA binding study of the complex was explored by UV–vis and viscosity measurement. Fluorescence titration studies and the experimental results suggest that the complex might bind to DNA via an intercalative mode. The <i>in silico</i> target prediction and molecular docking experiments confirm that, apart from high interaction potentiality with nucleotides, the complex has possible implications in carcinogenesis, too.</p

Additional file 7: Figure S7. of Radical Scavenging Activities of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Petal Extracts and its hepato-protection in CCl4-intoxicated mice

GCMS spectra of lyophilysed ethanolic flower extract of Lagerstroemia specios (DOCX 125 kb

Amelioration of CCl₄ induced liver injury in swiss albino mice by antioxidant rich leaf extract of <i>Croton bonplandianus</i> Baill. - Fig 8

<p><b>The effect of <i>Croton bonplandianus</i> on the (A)</b> Peroxidase; <b>(B)</b> Catalase; <b>(C)</b> Reduced glutathione (GSH); <b>(D)</b> Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in CCl₄ intoxicated liver samples. Comparisons were made with control for statistical inference (‘t’ test for paired comparison) to interpret significant difference. Data expressed as mean ± S.D (n = 6). ^α p<0.05; ^β p<0.01; ^γ p<0.001; ^NS-Non significant.</p

Amelioration of CCl₄ induced liver injury in swiss albino mice by antioxidant rich leaf extract of <i>Croton bonplandianus</i> Baill. - Fig 9

<p><b>The effect of <i>Croton bonplandianus</i> on (A)</b> MDA level; <b>(B)</b> TNF-α level; <b>(C)</b> Cell viability; <b>(D)</b> NO release activities in CCl₄ intoxicated liver samples. Comparisons were made with control for statistical inference (‘t’ test for paired comparison) to interpret significant difference. Data expressed as mean ± S.D (n = 6). ^α p<0.05; ^β p<0.01; ^γ p<0.001; ^NS-Non significant.</p

Antioxidant activity of <i>Croton bonplandianus</i>.

<p><b>(A)</b> % inhibition of Peroxynitrite (OONOˉ) Vs standard gallic acid; <b>(B)</b> depicts unneutralized Peroxynitrite (OONOˉ); <b>(C)</b> Total reducing power activity.Data expressed as mean ± S.D (n = 6). α p<0.05; β p<0.01; γ p<0.001; NS-Non significant when compared with standard.</p

Antioxidant activity of <i>Croton bonplandianus</i>.

<p><b>(A)</b>&<b>(B)</b> concentration dependent Total antioxidant activity and extent of Mo⁶⁺ reduction; <b>(C)</b> % inhibition of lipid peroxidation Vs standard trolox; <b>(D)</b> depicts remaining unneutralized lipid peroxides (ROO^●). Data expressed as mean ± S.D (n = 6). α p<0.05; β p<0.01; γ p<0.001; NS-Non significant when compared with standard.</p

Photomicrographs (100×) of the histopathological examinations of the liver samples of different groups.

<p><b>Even though the extract treated groups possessed injury marks however, the extent of signs of injury were much lower in the extract treated groups compared to CCl</b>_<b>4</b><b>group.(A)</b> Control group liver demonstrated normal liver architecture with normal sinusoids (NS), hepatocytes with intact nucleus (IN), un-inflamed portal vein (PV); <b>(B)</b> CCl₄ group liver demonstrated significant loss of hepatocellular architecture with extensive fatty infiltration (FI) leading to steatosis, bile duct proliferation (BdP), vascular congestion (VC) and haemorrhagic necrosis (HN) around portal vein. Loss of hepatic nodular structure and disorganized hepatocytes marked the CCl₄ induced liver damage; <b>(C)</b> Silymarin group demonstrated hepatoprotective activity by substantial amendment of proliferated bile duct (Bd) with normal sinusoids (NS) and intact portal veins (PV); <b>(D)</b> CBLL group was marked by less leukocyte infiltrations (LI), sinusoidal dilations (SD) and bile duct proliferation (BdP); <b>(E)</b> CBLM group reflected comparatively less haemorrhagic necrosis (HN) and fatty infiltrations (FI); <b>(F)</b> CBLH group demonstrated lowering of most of the injury signs however, leukocyte infiltrations (LI) could be identified in the liver samples.</p

Photomicrographs (400×) of the histopathological examinations of the liver samples of different groups.

<p><b>(A)</b> Control group liver sampled possessed well packed hepatocytes with intact nucleus (IN) and normal sinusoids (NS); <b>(B)</b> CCl₄ group liver possessed extensive fatty infiltrations (FI), Necrotic hepatocytes (N), prominent signs of inflammation with leukocyte infiltrations (LI), prominent calcification (C) around the congested vesicles (VC) with bile duct proliferations (BdP); <b>(C)</b> Silymarin group liver samples were characterized with normal sinusoids (NS) and intact nucleus (IN) containing healthy hepatocytes; <b>(D)</b> CBLL group demonstrated lower fatty infiltrations (FI), sinusoidal dilations (SD) and leukocyte infiltrations (LI); <b>(E)</b> CBLM group resulted in renewal of normal hepatic architecture with several hepatocytes with intact nucleus (IN) and lowered sinusoidal dilations (SD); <b>(F)</b> CBLH group showed near to normal hepatic architecture with predominantly intact nucleus (IN) containing normal hepatocytes and undiluted normal sinusoids (NS).</p

Effects of CBLin depletion of intracellular ROS production generated by CCl₄ in WRL-68 cells.

<p>Production of ROS was measured by cleavage of acetate group of non-fluorescent H₂DCFDA (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) which convert into DCF(2′,7′ -dichlorofluorescein) highly fluorescent. Cells were exposed to CCl₄ before treatment with CBL 50, 80, 100, 150 and 200 μg/ml for 24 h. The ROS production displays the intensity of fluorescence through the images of WRL-68 cells treated with different concentration of CBL <b>(D-H)</b>, CCl₄ <b>(C)</b>, H₂O₂ <b>(B)</b> and control <b>(A)</b>.</p

Antioxidant activity of <i>Croton bonplandianus</i>.

<p><b>(A)</b>&<b>(B)</b> DPPH scavenging activity; <b>(C)</b> % of hydroxyl radical (OH^●) scavenging Vs standard mannitol; <b>(D)</b> depicts remaining unneutralized OH^●. Data expressed as mean ± S.D (n = 6). ^α p<0.05; ^β p<0.01; ^γ p<0.001; ^NS-Non significant when compared with standard.</p