Dissolved organic carbon retention by coprecipitation during the oxidation of ferrous iron

The adsorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on iron (Fe) (hydr)oxides represents an important stabilization mechanism for soil organic matter (OM) and contributes to soil C accumulation. However, in soils that experience periodic fluctuations in redox conditions the interaction between DOC and Fe (hydr)oxides may not only involve organic coatings on mineral surfaces, but also Fe-DOC coprecipitates that form during the oxidation of soil solutions containing important amounts of DOC and Fe2+. The aim of this work is to provide new insights into the mechanisms involved, and the amount and selectivity of C retained during the coprecipitation process. A series of Fe-OM associations with increasing C loading was synthesized at pH 6 by surface adsorption or coprecipitation (oxidation of ferrous iron) utilizing rice-straw derived dissolved organic matter. The kinetics of Fe2+ oxidation and complexation, and the total and selective retention of DOC during the coprecipitation process were evaluated. Moreover, synthesized associations, as well as a field coprecipitate collected in situ from a paddy soil, were studied by X-ray diffraction, N2 gas adsorption-desorption isotherms, electrophoretic mobility measurements and thermogravimetric analyses. Coprecipitation resulted in higher organic C contents (49-213 mg g−1) with respect to adsorbed systems (18-47 mg g−1), and favoured the inclusion of OM within highly aggregated associations having particularly low BET specific surface areas. Although coprecipitation led to a strong, selective retention of aromatic constituents, the initial complexation of Fe2+ by aliphatic carboxylic moieties and precipitation as C-rich Fe-OM associations contributed to the total C retention, particularly at higher solution C/Fe ratios. These aliphatic complexes formed during coprecipitation may play an important, though often underestimated, role in C stabilization in soils experiencing frequent redox fluctuations and often characterized by elevated soluble Fe2+ and DOC concentrations

Nitrogen immobilization in paddy soils as affected by redox conditions and rice straw incorporation

Biotic and abiotic processes controlling nitrogen (N) immobilization in paddy soils may significantly affect nutrient availability for plant uptake during the rice cropping season, as well as the efficiency of applied N fertilizers. Understanding the influence of water and crop residue management practices on N availability, however, requires detailed insight into the mechanisms and factors controlling N immobilization in these soils. We evaluated changes in fertilizer-15N immobilization in a paddy topsoil incubated for 160 d under flooded or non-flooded conditions, with or without rice straw incorporation. The distribution of immobilized N between different soil fractions and interlayer N fixation was assessed by combining aggregate-size, density and chemical fractionation with stable isotope analysis, while compound-specific δ15N analysis of individual amino sugars was used to evaluate microbial utilization of applied N. Fast immobilization of applied N (≈ 48% applied N) was observed in both flooded (Eh = + 0.4 to − 0.2 V) and non-flooded (Eh = + 0.4 to + 0.6 V) soils, however in the latter most of this N was released during incubation. The finer soil fractions served as the greatest sink of immobilized N, retaining 5–36% of the added N. Although biotic processes were mainly responsible for N retention, about 4–11% of N applied to flooded soils was weakly fixed within the interlayer of clay minerals, primarily associated with microaggregates. Straw addition further enhanced N immobilization under both oxic and anoxic conditions, with ≈ 12% of total immobilized N (2–4% of applied N) associated with the light organic matter fraction. The increasing incorporation of applied N into microbial residues suggested that addition of rice straw to paddy soils may lead to effective microbial-mediated immobilization and stabilization of significant portions of N inputs