Eating disorders in pediatric population, analysis of some of the most common risk factors

Introduction: This article reviews a number of studies that have sought to determine what are risk factors that may cause eating disorders in the pediatric population, taking into account the age and gender of the subjects. This study focuses on issues related to purging, bulimic behaviors, and psychological orthorexia and what impact the most common risk factors for these behaviors have in the pediatric population.   Aim of study: The aim of the study is to present a comprehensive review of some of the most common risk factors predisposing to the development of eating disorders in the pediatric population, and how these factors have a direct impact on each other and are intertwined, by using available knowledge, paying particular attention to a new potential risk factor - social media.   Materials and methods: Materials used in this study were found in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: ,,Social media”, ,,Mass media”, ,,Peers”, ,,Family”, ,,Orthorexia nervosa”, ,,Social media”, ,,Children”, ,,Adolescence”.   Conclusion: Eating disorders are a growing problem. Our research focuses on potential risk factors, with the greatest emphasis on a relatively new risk factor: social media and screen time, and how these two factors influence young minds, what impact they have on the eating habits of children and adolescents, and what can be done to prevent eating disorders in the pediatric population

Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review of varied health benefits

Introduction:   Garlic (Allium sativum L.), has been cultivated in various countries and is valued for its medicinal and culinary properties. It contains bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, organic sulfides, polysaccharides, and saponins, with allicin being a particularly studied compound. These compounds have been shown to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effects. Garlic has been used for over 5000 years as a curative plant and has potential applications in food science, medicine, and nutraceuticals.  Aim of the Study:   The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive review of the overall impact of Allium sativum L. on human health and in order to draw attention to the benefits of regular consumption.  Materials and methods:  A comprehensive review of scientific and medical literature was conducted utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Searching terms were: garlic, Allium sativum L., garlic anti-inflammatory, garlic anticancer, garlic health effects.   Conclusion:   Allium sativum L. is associated with a comprehensive range of beneficial effects on the human body. These include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, positive influence on lipid profile, cardiovascular system, and the anticancer activity among others by stimulation of tumor apoptosis. As a result, garlic and its bioactive compounds hold promise as functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of various diseases.&nbsp

Vitamin A - potential anticancer weapon

Introduction:  Vitamin A, one of the most popular vitamins that people usually associate with eye health or beautiful skin, also has many other functions and uses. Recently many scientists conducted studies to determine if vitamin A could be a new weapon against cancers.  Aim of the study:  The aim of the study was to discuss recent findings regarding the impact of Vitamin A and other retinoids on potential applications in anticancer therapy.  Materials and methods:  This review of studies is based on scientific articles available in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The names of the cancers were juxtaposed with term "Vitamin A" and with term "Retinoids" to gather data regarding the effect of retinoids on cancer treatment and prevention.  Results:  After analyzing the gathered publications, it is possible to conclude that retinoids can have a positive impact on cancer treatment. Some of them can induce apoptosis of cancer cells and others can reduce their proliferation. Moreover, retinoids can also play an important role in preventing cancers, such as ovarian, breast, cervical, or skin cancer. The role of retinoids in the prevention of prostate cancer remains unclear due to conflicting research results.  Conclusion:  The studies have shown promising results which indicate a need for further research into anticancer mechanisms of retinoids. Specifically, more research is needed to explore the positive impact of retinoid use in treating cancer diseases. The significant potential of retinoids may make it possible to include them in clinical practice and develop an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment based on them.&nbsp

Psoriatic arthritis - Tofacitinib as a new treatment

Introduction: JAK inhibitors are used in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis when there is a lack of effective response or intolerance to first-line drugs or their use must be discontinued due to the presence of side effects. JAK inhibitors inhibit the JAK-STAT signaling pathway which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This mechanism leads to a reduction in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines which causes rapid improvement in the patient's clinical condition. Tofacitinib is the best-known drug in this group; its use carries an increased risk of cardiovascular events and reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. Regular monitoring of patients results in faster detection of the first signs of undesirable effects and the cessation of their progression. The drug's safety profile is acceptable and the benefits outweigh possible complications.   Aim of  the study:   The aim of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about tofacitinib treatment in psoriatic arthritis. The way of work, effectiveness of treatment and potential side effects were summarized and described.   Materials and methods:   The literature available in PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “Psoriatic arthritis”, “Tofacitinib”, “JAK inhibitors”, “JAK-STAT”   Conclusion:   Tofacitinib treatment in rheumatology is used in psoriatic arthritis. The rapid improvement in the clinical condition of patients treated with JAK inhibitors is due to their direct impact on the modulation of the pathogenesis of the disease. The predictable benefits of therapy outweigh the side effects which can be detected at an early stage with regular monitoring of the patient

Finger Injury Related to Climbing: Anatomy, Function, Mechanism of Injury, Diagnosis, Treatment

Introduction  Rock climbing has surged in popularity over the past few decades, attracting a diverse range of participants from recreational enthusiasts to professional athletes. While climbing offers numerous physical and mental benefits, it also presents significant injury risks. Rock climbing is a sport that imposes extreme stress on the fingers, particularly on the flexor pulley system. Injuries to these structures can severely impact a climber's ability to perform and progress in the sport. Understanding the anatomy, injury mechanisms, and treatment modalities is essential for effective management and prevention.  Aim of the study  The purpose of this narrative review is to comprehensively describe information on the anatomy, function, mechanism of injury, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of the finger flexor pulley system (FFPS).  Materials and methods   The methodology for the literature search involved using the keyword "pulley" and adding terms such as "treatment", "mechanism", "function", "anatomy", "diagnosis", and "symptoms". The search terms were entered into the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The review works and clinical trials were taken into account.  Conclusion   Finger flexor pulley system (FFPS) strain is a common overuse injury in climbers, often caused by the crimp grip used in rock climbing. Pulleys A2 and A4 are particularly vulnerable. Diagnosis involves physical examination and imaging tests, such as ultrasonography and, if necessary, magnetic resonance imaging. Grade I to III injuries are typically treated conservatively, while surgical treatment may be necessary for grade IVb injuries. Using a splint or H-taping the fingers after an injury can help prevent further damage and provide support for the affected pulleys.&nbsp

Determination and haemolytic activity of saponins in hairy root culture of Platycodon grandiforum A.DC

S u m m a r y The sum of saponins in the hairy root lines (6, 17) of Platycodon grandiforum A.DC. was compared. Hairy root line 6 showed a higher total saponin content (6.92%) than the line 17 (6.01%). According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia standards the content of saponins in Platycodi Radix should be not less than 2%. Our results seem to indicate that the hairy root culture of Platycodon grandiforum A.DC. is a good source of saponins. The Haemolytic 104 N. Urbańska, J. Nartowska, A. Skorupska, D. Ruszkowski, J. Giebułtowicz, O. Olszowska Index of the hairy root line 6 was 1600. Digitonin was used as a reference. Moreover, the haemolytic activity of TLC subfractions of saponins varied

Factors influencing a child's development in the early years of life and their impact on adulthood

Introduction:   This article reviews a number of studies that have sought to determine how factors that occur in prenatal life and early childhood may lead to psychiatric disorders in adulthood. It focuses on the relationships between the physiology and pathophysiology of the autonomic nervous system and their impact on the child's development, on previously experienced traumas, on living in unfavorable conditions, on factors that have a negative impact on the fetus during pregnancy, and on the existence of two psychopathological dimensions and their connections with specific psychiatric disorders.   Aim of study:   The aim of the study is to present a comprehensive review of some of the most common forms of childhood maltreatment and show how powerful the impact they have on children’s development and their later adult life.     Materials and methods:   Materials used in this study were found in the PubMed database, using the following keywords: childhood maltreatment, sexual abuse, physical abuse, mental abuse, alcohol and drug abuse, and psychiatric disorders.   Conclusion:   The work clearly shows that neglect, abuse, and abnormal behavior have a direct impact on psychiatric disorders occurring in children and on the consequences that children have to bear as a result of their adult lives.

Finger Injury Related to Climbing: Anatomy, Function, Mechanism of Injury, Diagnosis, Treatment

Introduction  Rock climbing has surged in popularity over the past few decades, attracting a diverse range of participants from recreational enthusiasts to professional athletes. While climbing offers numerous physical and mental benefits, it also presents significant injury risks. Rock climbing is a sport that imposes extreme stress on the fingers, particularly on the flexor pulley system. Injuries to these structures can severely impact a climber's ability to perform and progress in the sport. Understanding the anatomy, injury mechanisms, and treatment modalities is essential for effective management and prevention.  Aim of the study  The purpose of this narrative review is to comprehensively describe information on the anatomy, function, mechanism of injury, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of the finger flexor pulley system (FFPS).  Materials and methods   The methodology for the literature search involved using the keyword "pulley" and adding terms such as "treatment", "mechanism", "function", "anatomy", "diagnosis", and "symptoms". The search terms were entered into the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The review works and clinical trials were taken into account.  Conclusion   Finger flexor pulley system (FFPS) strain is a common overuse injury in climbers, often caused by the crimp grip used in rock climbing. Pulleys A2 and A4 are particularly vulnerable. Diagnosis involves physical examination and imaging tests, such as ultrasonography and, if necessary, magnetic resonance imaging. Grade I to III injuries are typically treated conservatively, while surgical treatment may be necessary for grade IVb injuries. Using a splint or H-taping the fingers after an injury can help prevent further damage and provide support for the affected pulleys.

New Route to Glycosylated Porphyrins via Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution (SNAr)—Synthesis and Cellular Uptake Studies

Glycoporphyrins are group of compounds of high value for the purpose of photodynamic therapy and other biomedical applications. Despite great progress in the field, new diversity-oriented syntheses of carbohydrate-porphyrin hybrids are increasingly desired. Herein, we present efficient, mild, and metal-free conditions for synthesis of glycoporphyrins. The versatile nature of the SNAr procedure is presented in 16 examples. Preliminary biological studies have been conducted on the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the final molecules

The Role of Sport in Human Health: Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis

Introduction and purpose  Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease, characterized by diminished bone mineral density, compromised bone microarchitecture, and geometry, culminating in diminished bone strength and susceptibility to fractures. Physical activity posits potential as a preventive measure and therapeutic approach for osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of physical activity on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Materials and method In order to curate appropriate sources for this article, a comprehensive search was conducted within the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.  A brief description of the state of knowledge One of the risk factors for osteoporosis is a lack of physical activity. For this reason, many scientists have decided to conduct some research to determine whether physical activity will have a beneficial impact on both the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. These studies show that physical activity can benefit people with osteoporosis by improving bone density, balance, strength, and overall physical function. Regular and long-term exercise is essential to maximize these benefits. Summary The studies conducted so far provide promising results and confirm the beneficial impact of physical exercises on people with osteoporosis as well as on the prevention of this disease. Exercises should be performed regularly and persistently