Financial viability of small farm forestry based on no-cost sharing arrangement in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest of Bangladesh

The Sal (Shorea robusta) forests provide a substantial part of the forest cover of the country and contribute to the economy by providing timber, firewood, fodder, non wood forest products and by protecting the environment. Due to over exploitation the forest is being degraded. The Forest Department of Bangladesh had initiated a program through the participation of the present encroachers to stop this overexploitation. The centerpiece of this attempt was a no-cost sharing arrangement. A number of 63 settlers who were landless and encroachers before joining the program were settled in the forest. The settlers were provided 1.21 ha/299.51 acres degraded forestland with full input support. The current study examined the financial viability of the farms, including homesteads, based on this arrangement. The BCA approach was employed to determine the net incremental benefit. It was found that a no-cost sharing arrangement option was financially feasible. Sensitivity analysis showed that the NPV is sensitive to the cost items of the program. The NPV, IRR and BCR, BIR and AI of the program showed the feasibility of the program. The discount rate used in the analysis was the real discount rate (5.67%). The sensitivity of NPV to the discount rate was also examined and found the program was more feasible at a 10% nominal discount rate. The sensitivity analysis also showed that a decrease or an increase in cost and benefit respectively could substantially change feasibility indicators. The no-cost sharing arrangement could be replicated to manage forest resources at the initial level to create a multiplier effect for sustainable use of resources. Integration of technologies such as bee keeping or Seri-culture to the program could increase the scope of labor utilization and output of the degraded land.small-scale forestry, Sal forest, Dhaka, no-cost sharing arrangement

Metabolomics Unraveling the Biochemical Insight of High Altitude Diseases and Sepsis A Narrative Review

High altitude diseases and sepsis may seem distinct at first glance, but there are underlying physiological similarities that lie in their responses to hypoxia, tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and multi-organ failure conditions. Understanding these commonalities can help medical professionals draw parallels between them and apply relevant knowledge to improve patient care and treatment.In this direction,a literature review of metabolomics-based studies has been done for high-altitude diseases and sepsis, and the panel of common disease-related metabolic markers and associated pathways areunraveled. Themetabolic pathways found dysregulated in both conditions are amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, inflammatory response-related metabolism, bile acid metabolism, and purine and pyrimidine metabolism

N-Benzyl-4-hy­droxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-2H-1λ6,2-benzothia­zine-3-carboxamide

In the title mol­ecule, C17H16N2O4S, the heterocyclic thia­zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.546 (4) and 0.281 (4) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The two aromatic rings are inclined to one another by 42.32 (11)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are linked via a series of C—H⋯O inter­actions, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network

4-Hy­droxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-N-phenyl-2H-1λ6,2-benzothia­zine-3-carboxamide

In the title mol­ecule, C16H14N2O4S, the thia­zine ring adopts a twist chair conformation with the N and adjacent C atom displaced by 0.966 (3) and 0.386 (4) Å, respectively, on the same side of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene rings is 37.65 (10)°. The mol­ecular structure features an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

2,3-Dihydro-1λ6,2-benzothia­zine-1,1,4-trione

In the title compound, C8H7NO3S, the benzene ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 69.25 (7)° to the S and O atoms of the sulfonyl group. The heterocyclic ring approximates to an envelope, with the N atom in the flap position. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯Oc (c = carbon­yl) hydrogen bonds, forming C(5) chains along [001]. Two R 2 2(10) loops arise from pairs of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a weak aromatic π–π stacking inter­action [centroid–centorid separation = 3.8404 (11) Å] also occurs

4-Hy­droxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-2H-1λ6,2- benzothia­zine-3-carb­oxy­lic acid hemihydrate

In the title compound, C10H9NO5S·0.5H2O, two geometrically different organic mol­ecules are present. The benzene rings and the carboxyl­ate groups are oriented at dihedral angles of 13.44 (4) and 21.15 (18)°. In both mol­ecules, an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, both moleucles form inversion dimers linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to generate R 2 2(8) loops. The dimers are consolidated into chains extending along [100] by bridging O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds from the water mol­ecule. A weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bond also occurs

2,2′-(4-Methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-di­yl)dibenzene­sulfonamide

In the title compound, C15H15N5O4S2, the dihedral angles between the central 1,2,4-triazole ring and the pendant benzene rings are 55.61 (10) and 68.59 (10)°; the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 63.66 (9)°. Intra­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(7) and S(12) rings, respectively. In the crystal, sheets extending in the (101) plane arise, with the mol­ecules linked by C—H⋯O, N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O inter­actions. A C—H⋯π inter­action further consolidates the structure

2-(N-Cyclo­hexyl­carbamo­yl)benzene­sulfonamide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H18N2O3S, contains two mol­ecules with similar conformations. In both mol­ecules, the cyclo­hexyl rings adopt chair conformations, with the attached N atom in an equatorial orientation and an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(7) ring. In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules and a C—H⋯O hydrogen bond is also observed. The crystal studied was a racemic twin