Additional file 1: of Hair dye use, regular exercise, and the risk and prognosis of prostate cancer: multicenter case–control and case-only studies

The supplementary tables and figures. (DOC 418 kb

Risk of dementia from proton pump inhibitor use in Asian population: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Concerns have been raised regarding the potential association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and dementia.</p><p>Objective</p><p>This study aimed to examine this association in an Asian population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Patients initiating PPI therapy between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003 without a prior history of dementia were identified from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. The outcome of interest was all-cause dementia. Cox regression models were applied to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of dementia. The cumulative PPI dosage stratified by quartiles of defined daily doses and adjusted for baseline disease risk score served as the primary variables compared against no PPI use.</p><p>Results</p><p>We analyzed the data of 15726 participants aged 40 years or older and free of dementia at baseline. PPI users (n = 7863; average follow-up 8.44 years) had a significantly increased risk of dementia over non—PPI users (n = 7863; average follow-up 9.55 years) (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.22; 95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.42). A significant association was observed between cumulative PPI use and risk of dementia (<i>P</i> for trend = .013). Subgroup analysis showed excess frequency of dementia in PPI users diagnosed with depression (aHR 2.73 [1.91–3.89]), hyperlipidemia (aHR 1.81 [1.38–2.38]), ischemic heart disease (aHR 1.55 [1.12–2.14]), and hypertension (aHR 1.54 [1.21–1.95]).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>An increased risk for dementia was identified among the Asian PPI users. Cumulative PPI use was significantly associated with dementia. Further investigation into the possible biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between dementia and PPI use is warranted.</p></div

Study flowchart.

<p>Study flowchart.</p

All-cause dementia by A) use and B) defined daily dose (DDD) of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

<p>All-cause dementia by A) use and B) defined daily dose (DDD) of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).</p

Basic characteristics of PPI users and non—PPI users (N = 15,726).

<p>Basic characteristics of PPI users and non—PPI users (N = 15,726).</p

Risk of all-cause dementia among non—PPI users and PPI users (N = 15,726).

<p>Risk of all-cause dementia among non—PPI users and PPI users (N = 15,726).</p

Additional file 1: of Symptom severity of patients with advanced cancer in palliative care unit: longitudinal assessments of symptoms improvement

The Symptom Reporting Form. (DOC 30 kb