Synthesis and Mechanism of Hypoglycemic Activity of Benzothiazole Derivatives

Adenosine 5′-monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) has emerged as a major potential target for novel antidiabetic drugs. We studied the structure of 2-chloro-5-((<i>Z</i>)-((<i>E</i>)-5-((5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)­furan-2-yl)­methylene)-4-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidene)­amino)­benzoic acid (PT-1), which attenuates the autoinhibition of the enzyme AMPK, for the design and synthesis of different benzothiazoles with potential antidiabetic activity. We synthesized several structurally related benzothiazole derivatives that increased the rate of glucose uptake in L6 myotubes in an AMPK-dependent manner. One compound, 2-(benzo­[<i>d</i>]­thiazol-2-ylmethylthio)-6-ethoxybenzo­[<i>d</i>]­thiazole (<b>34</b>), augmented the rate of glucose uptake up to 2.5-fold compared with vehicle-treated cells and up to 1.1-fold compared to PT-1. Concomitantly, it elevated the abundance of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane of the myotubes and activated AMPK. Subcutaneous administration of <b>34</b> to hyperglycemic Kuo Kondo rats carrying the Ay-yellow obese gene (KKAy) mice lowered blood glucose levels toward the normoglycemic range. In accord with its activity, compound <b>34</b> showed a high fit value to a pharmacophore model derived from the PT-1