The percentage of children treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children evaluated for central precocious puberty.

<p>The percentage of children treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children evaluated for central precocious puberty.</p

Estimated differences of CPP incidence among Korean children according to age and gender.

<p>Estimated differences of CPP incidence among Korean children according to age and gender.</p

The prevalence of central precocious puberty in 2010.

<p>The prevalence of central precocious puberty in 2010.</p

The annual and overall incidence of central precocious puberty.

<p>The annual and overall incidence of central precocious puberty.</p

Pre-Treatment Objective Diagnosis and Post-Treatment Outcome Evaluation in Patients with Vascular Pulsatile Tinnitus Using Transcanal Recording and Spectro-Temporal Analysis - Fig 1

<p>Pre-treatment (A) and post-treatment (B) ear canal signals of seven vascular pulsatile tinnitus subjects and ear canal signals of five control subjects (C) measured with an upright, neutral head position.</p

Viola rostrata Muhl. var. japonica Ohwi

原著和名: ナガハシスミレ科名: スミレ科 = Violaceae採集地: 新潟県 三島郡 和島村 (越後 和島村)採集日: 1966/4/6採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH046880国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-99688

Sound pressure level differences of the pulse-synchronized five spectral bands (~50ms) between pre- and post-treatment ear canal signals of the patient group and ear canal signals of the control group analyzed in the frequency domain.

<p>Asterisks designate statistically significant. n.s., non-significant.</p

Demographic characteristics of the included subjects with vascular pulsatile tinnitus.

<p>Demographic characteristics of the included subjects with vascular pulsatile tinnitus.</p

Exosomes Mediate Epithelium–Mesenchyme Crosstalk in Organ Development

Organ development requires complex signaling by cells in different tissues. Epithelium and mesenchyme interactions are crucial for the development of skin, hair follicles, kidney, lungs, prostate, major glands, and teeth. Despite myriad literature on cell–cell interactions and ligand–receptor binding, the roles of extracellular vesicles in epithelium–mesenchyme interactions during organogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we discovered that ∼100 nm exosomes were secreted by the epithelium and mesenchyme of a developing tooth organ and diffused through the basement membrane. Exosomes were entocytosed by epithelium or mesenchyme cells with preference by reciprocal cells rather than self-uptake. Exosomes reciprocally evoked cell differentiation and matrix synthesis: epithelium exosomes induce mesenchyme cells to produce dentin sialoprotein and undergo mineralization, whereas mesenchyme exosomes induce epithelium cells to produce basement membrane components, ameloblastin and amelogenenin. Attenuated exosomal secretion by Rab27a/b knockdown or GW4869 disrupted the basement membrane and reduced enamel and dentin production in organ culture and reduced matrix synthesis and the size of the cervical loop, which harbors epithelium stem cells, in Rab27a^ash/ash mutant mice. We then profiled exosomal constituents including miRNAs and peptides and further crossed all epithelium exosomal miRNAs with literature-known miRNA Wnt regulators. Epithelium exosome-derived miR135a activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and escalated mesenchymal production of dentin matrix proteins, partially reversible by Antago-miR135a attenuation. Our results suggest that exosomes may mediate epithelium–mesenchyme crosstalk in organ development, suggesting that these vesicles and/or the molecular contents they are transporting may be interventional targets for treatment of diseases or regeneration of tissues