Measurements of the flow and thermal characteristics of turbulent jets in cross flow

An experimental investigation of the flow, turbulence, and thermal characteristics of heated, cooled, and isothermal turbulent jets in cross flow is reported. The experiments were carried out in a water channel facility of the recirculation type. Hot or cold water was injected verically upward from a circular pipe located near the channel bottom to the cross-flowing stream in the channel. Hot- and cold-film anemometers along with appropriate linearizers, bridges, filters, and probes were used. A new signal analysis method was developed for resolving the complex three-dimensional structure of the mean turbulent flow field resulting from the interaction between the free stream and the jet. A rotatable probe technique was used to measure the size components of the Reynolds stress tensor in isothermal flows of any turbulence intensity. New expressions that correct for the temperature contamination of the velocity signals in nonisothermal flows were developed for both the linearized and unlinearized anemometer responses;Mean velocity and turbulence intensity data were obtained for the isothermal jet at jet-to-free stream velocity ratios of 2, 4, and 6 both in and outside the jet plane of symmetry. For the latter velocity ratio, a detailed analysis was carried out to reveal the details of the three-dimensional structure of the flow field. A similar analysis was made for the heated jet at a velocity ratio of 4. For this latter velocity ratio, the turbulent shear stresses, the turbulent RMS velocity fluctuations, the structural parameter, correlation coefficients, and the turbulent kinetic energy were obtained for the isothermal jet. Mean and RMS temperatures, on the other hand, were obtained for both heated and cooled jets. In the former case, velocity ratios of 1, 2, 4, and 7 were studied with a jet discharge temperature approximately 50(DEGREES)F to 75(DEGREES)F higher than the free stream temperature. In the latter case, velocity ratios of 1, 4, and 7 were employed with temperature differences of approximately -20(DEGREES)F and -50(DEGREES)F;The measurements reported in this study provide new information on the velocity, turbulence, and thermal field of turbulent jets in cross flow. These data should be useful for the development, improvement, and verification of better prediction methods and turbulence models for complex free shear flows

A Hypochondriac Investigates the Evolution of Medicine

This exhibit will open to the public in February 2014, but until then I have my work cut out for me. I am currently researching various aspects of medical history spanning from the mid-1800s, through the Civil War, to WWI. Thus far I have read accounts of women volunteers during the American Civil War, important changes that went into effect during WWI, and an overly detailed description on how to perform tooth extractions according to the latest science of the 1860s. [excerpt

What I\u27ve Learned to Expect

“Hey bitch!” someone yelled. “Biiitttch!” I heard again from the car. Music blared from inside. I pretended not to notice. Don’t give them the satisfaction, I thought. Don’t do something you’ll regret. So I stood there until the cars stopped whizzing past, pretending to ignore a car of boys yelling insults. When the light changed, I hurried across Carlisle Street, got into my room, and lost it. I was furious. Being reduced to an insult while walking home from a movie for class is infuriating. But, what really got under my skin was that incidents like this seem commonplace. While surprising in the moment, it doesn’t feel unexpected to be called a “bitch” and “whore” by a passerby, to be whistled at provocatively or to be talked about as if I am an object. It’s just part of life. [excerpt

Toeing the Line between Offense and Education

Medical history can be gruesome. People shy away from blood and guts and images of death perhaps because it makes us question our own mortality or perhaps because it reminds us a bit too much about the origins of that hamburger we ate for lunch. Whatever the reason, a lot of humans cannot stomach the truly heinous. [excerpt