Using the fast impact of anthropogenic aerosols on regional land temperature to constrain aerosol forcing

Anthropogenic aerosols have been postulated to have a cooling effect on climate, but its magnitude remains uncertain. Using atmospheric general circulation model simulations, we separate the land temperature response into a fast response to radiative forcings and a slow response to changing oceanic conditions and find that the former accounts for about one fifth of the observed warming of the Northern Hemisphere land during summer and autumn since the 1960s. While small, this fast response can be constrained by observations. Spatially varying aerosol effects can be detected on the regional scale, specifically warming over Europe and cooling over Asia. These results provide empirical evidence for the important role of aerosols in setting regional land temperature trends and point to an emergent constraint that suggests strong global aerosol forcing and high transient climate response

Using the fast impact of anthropogenic aerosols on regional land temperature to constrain aerosol forcing

Anthropogenic aerosols have been postulated to have a cooling effect on climate, but its magnitude remains uncertain. Using atmospheric general circulation model simulations, we separate the land temperature response into a fast response to radiative forcings and a slow response to changing oceanic conditions and find that the former accounts for about one fifth of the observed warming of the Northern Hemisphere land during summer and autumn since the 1960s. While small, this fast response can be constrained by observations. Spatially varying aerosol effects can be detected on the regional scale, specifically warming over Europe and cooling over Asia. These results provide empirical evidence for the important role of aerosols in setting regional land temperature trends and point to an emergent constraint that suggests strong global aerosol forcing and high transient climate response

Statistically Steady State Large‐Eddy Simulations Forced by an Idealized GCM: 1. Forcing Framework and Simulation Characteristics

Using large‐eddy simulations (LES) systematically has the potential to inform parameterizations of subgrid‐scale processes in general circulation models (GCMs), such as turbulence, convection, and clouds. Here we show how LES can be run to simulate grid columns of GCMs to generate LES across a cross section of dynamical regimes. The LES setup approximately replicates the thermodynamic and water budgets in GCM grid columns. Resolved horizontal and vertical transports of heat and water and large‐scale pressure gradients from the GCM are prescribed as forcing in the LES. The LES are forced with prescribed surface temperatures, but atmospheric temperature and moisture are free to adjust, reducing the imprinting of GCM fields on the LES. In both the GCM and LES, radiative transfer is treated in a unified but idealized manner (semigray atmosphere without water vapor feedback or cloud radiative effects). We show that the LES in this setup reaches statistically steady states without nudging to thermodynamic GCM profiles. The steady states provide training data for developing GCM parameterizations. The same LES setup also provides a good basis for studying the cloud response to global warming

Seasonal cycle of idealized polar clouds: large eddy simulations driven by a GCM

The uncertainty in polar cloud feedbacks calls for process understanding of the cloud response to climate warming. As an initial step, we investigate the seasonal cycle of polar clouds in the current climate by adopting a novel modeling framework using large eddy simulations (LES), which explicitly resolve cloud dynamics. Resolved horizontal and vertical advection of heat and moisture from an idealized GCM are prescribed as forcing in the LES. The LES are also forced with prescribed sea ice thickness, but surface temperature, atmospheric temperature, and moisture evolve freely without nudging. A semigray radiative transfer scheme, without water vapor or cloud feedbacks, allows the GCM and LES to achieve closed energy budgets more easily than would be possible with more complex schemes; this allows the mean states in the two models to be consistently compared, without the added complications from interaction with more comprehensive radiation. We show that the LES closely follow the GCM seasonal cycle, and the seasonal cycle of low clouds in the LES resembles observations: maximum cloud liquid occurs in late summer and early autumn, and winter clouds are dominated by ice in the upper troposphere. Large-scale advection of moisture provides the main source of water vapor for the liquid clouds in summer, while a temperature advection peak in winter makes the atmosphere relatively dry and reduces cloud condensate. The framework we develop and employ can be used broadly for studying cloud processes and the response of polar clouds to climate warming

Assessing the influence of COVID-19 on the shortwave radiative fluxes over the East Asian Marginal Seas

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a widespread reduction in aerosol emissions. Using satellite observations and climate model simulations, we study the underlying mechanisms of the large decreases in solar clear-sky reflection (3.8 W m−2 or 7%) and aerosol optical depth (0.16 or 32%) observed over the East Asian Marginal Seas in March 2020. By separating the impacts from meteorology and emissions in the model simulations, we find that about one-third of the clear-sky anomalies can be attributed to pandemic-related emission reductions, and the rest to weather variability and long-term emission trends. The model is skillful at reproducing the observed interannual variations in solar all-sky reflection, but no COVID-19 signal is discerned. The current observational and modeling capabilities will be critical for monitoring, understanding, and predicting the radiative forcing and climate impacts of the ongoing crisis

Data for "A Library of Large-eddy Simulations Forced by Global Climate Models"

This dataset provides LES data in the paper "A Library of Large-eddy Simulations Forced by Global Climate Models".The naming convention of the netcdf files is Stats.cfsite[sitenumber]_[gcm]_[experiment]_2004-2008.[month].nc.Files available via S3 at https://renc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/0_zhaoyi_v2/Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip4K_2004-2008.01.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip4K_2004-2008.04.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip4K_2004-2008.07.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip4K_2004-2008.10.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip_2004-2008.01.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip_2004-2008.04.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip_2004-2008.07.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM5_amip_2004-2008.10.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM6-1_amip4K_2004-2008.01.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM6-1_amip4K_2004-2008.04.nc 0.31 GB Download Stats.cfsite10_CNRM-CM6-1_amip4K_2004-2008.07.nc 0.31 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Data for "Assessing the influence of COVID-19 on the radiative balance over the East Asian Marginal Seas"

This datasets provides AM4 data required to produce results in the paper "Assessing the influence of COVID-19 on the radiative balance over the East Asian Marginal Seas"