Design of Disaster-Resilient Datacenter WDM Networks

Survivability of data in datacenters, when a fault occurs, is turning into an upcoming challenge in planning cloud-based applications. At the point when such a disaster happens, a particular geological range is disrupted, and units of transmission systems (e.g., nodes and fibers) within the disrupted region end up faulty, leading to the loss of one or more demands. To deal with such a circumstance, a resilient communication code is required, so arrangements can be made to accommodate an alternative disaster-free path when a fault upsets the path utilized for data requests before the failure happens. In this work, we have shown a new approach to deal with this issue, on account of the static Route and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) systems. In our approach, a set of communication demands can be handled only if it is feasible to i) Find the datacenter node ii) a primary lightpath that minimizes the effect of disasters that may disrupt lightpaths and iii) (for every disaster that upsets the primary lightpath), a backup lightpath that handles the disaster. We have presented, implemented and examined an efficient heuristic to solve this issue

Thyroid Lesions: Role of High Frequency Sonography in Diagnosis

Although Thyroid gland is vital for the living organism and that regulate body metabolism, thyroid nodules are a common occurrence in the general population. There are number of diagnostic screening for thyroid lesions, most widely used technique is ultrasound evaluation. Ultrasonography is the imaging technique of choice for estimating thyroid nodules/lesions because of its widespread availability, low cost, and lack of harm due to ionizing radiation. It is sensitive for the recognition of thyroid nodules. Ultrasound should be used to refine a differential diagnosis to arrive at specific diagnosis based on clinical history and physical examination. Ultrasound sonography used to identify normal as well as abnormal conditions of the thyroid gland. This is more suitable than the needle biopsy. Ultrasound distinguishes thyroid cysts (fluid-filled nodules) from solid nodules. It helps to determine location, severity, nature (benign or malignant) of the thyroid nodule. It has advantages such as identify non-palpable nodules, determine interval change in size, evaluate residual thyroid tissue after surgery and many more. In this review we are presenting insights on the use of ultrasound for the identification of thyroid lesions, uses and advantages. This will help to consider this method for the future diagnosis of thyroid lesions and decide on the treatment modalities. Keywords: Thyroid,diet,worldwide

Formulation of sildenafil citrate loaded nasal microsphers: An in vitro, ex vivo characterization

The aim of the present study was to prepare gellan gum microspheres of Sildenafil citrate, for intranasal delivery to avoid the first pass metabolism. The microspheres were prepared using spray drying method. The microspheres were evaluated for characteristics like particle size, incorporation efficiency, swelling ability, zeta potential, in-vitro mucoadhesion, ex-vivo mucoadhesion, thermal analysis, XRD study and in-vitro drug release. Treatment of in-vitro data to different kinetic equations indicated diffusion controlled drug delivery from gellan gum microspheres. The results of DSC and XRD studies revealed the molecular amorphous dispersion of Sildenafil citrate into the gellan gum microspheres. Microspheres so prepared were discrete, bulky, free flowing and showed an average encapsulation efficiency ranging from 95-98%. The formulation exhibited a good mucoadhesive strength which was determined in in vitro conditions through falling film technique and was compared with ex vivo studies. The microspheres so prepared also exhibited a good swelling index which confirmed the strong mucoadhesive property of the formulation.Keywords: Gellan gum, Microsperes, Spray drying, Sildinafil citrate, Nasal delivery

Formulation of sildenafil citrate loaded nasal microsphers: An in vitro, ex vivo characterization

The aim of the present study was to prepare gellan gum microspheres of Sildenafil citrate, for intranasal delivery to avoid the first pass metabolism. The microspheres were prepared using spray drying method. The microspheres were evaluated for characteristics like particle size, incorporation efficiency, swelling ability, zeta potential, in-vitro mucoadhesion, ex-vivo mucoadhesion, thermal analysis, XRD study and in-vitro drug release. Treatment of in-vitro data to different kinetic equations indicated diffusion controlled drug delivery from gellan gum microspheres. The results of DSC and XRD studies revealed the molecular amorphous dispersion of Sildenafil citrate into the gellan gum microspheres. Microspheres so prepared were discrete, bulky, free flowing and showed an average encapsulation efficiency ranging from 95-98%. The formulation exhibited a good mucoadhesive strength which was determined in in vitro conditions through falling film technique and was compared with ex vivo studies. The microspheres so prepared also exhibited a good swelling index which confirmed the strong mucoadhesive property of the formulation.Keywords: Gellan gum, Microsperes, Spray drying, Sildinafil citrate, Nasal delivery