Depression, anxiety and stress, during COVID-19 pandemic among midwives in ethiopia: A nationwide cross-sectional survey

IntroductionCOVID-19 has rapidly crossed borders, infecting people throughout the whole world, and has led to a wide range of psychological sequelae. Midwives who come close in contact with women while providing care are often left stricken with inadequate protection from contamination with COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) among midwives in Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from 20 June to 20 August 2020, among 1,691 practicing midwives in Ethiopia. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected through a structured telephone interview. A 21-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used. Data were entered using the Google forms platform and were analyzed with SPSS version 24. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 in the final model were declared statistically significant. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to determine independent predictors.ResultsThe prevalence of DASS among midwives in Ethiopia was 41.1, 29.6, and 19.0%, respectively. Being female [AOR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.69], working in rural areas [AOR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.82], having poor knowledge of COVID-19 [AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.75], having poor preventive practice [AOR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.47, 2.28], and substance use [AOR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.56] were significantly associated with depression; while, working in the governmental health facility [AOR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.24, 4.78], having poor preventive practice [AOR = 1,47; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.85], and having poor attitude [AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.66] were significantly associated with anxiety. Furthermore, working in rural areas [AOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.83], substance use [AOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.81], having poor knowledge [AOR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.90], and having poor preventive practice [AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.10] were associated with stress.ConclusionIn this study, the overall magnitude of depression, anxiety, and stress were high. Addressing knowledge gaps through information, training, and safety protocols on COVID-19 and the provision of adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential to preserve the mental health of Midwives during COVID-19

Perceived self-rated QOL of substance youths in central Gondar zone, 2021.

Perceived self-rated QOL of substance youths in central Gondar zone, 2021.</p

Hypothesized Path diagram of health-related quality of WHOHRQOL-Breff developed from the literatures [29].

Where: HRQOL: Health-related quality of life; PHD: Physical health domain; ENVHD: Environmental health domain, SRHD: Social relations domain, PSHD: Psychological health domain; q701:overall QOL, q702:overall health; q703:Pain and discomfort; q704:Medical treatment dependence; q705: Energy and fatigue; q706: Mobility; q707: Sleep and rest; q708: Daily activity; q709: Working capacity; q710: Positive feeling; q711: Spirituality/personal beliefs; q712: Memory and concentration; q713: Bodily image and appearance; q714: Self-esteem; q715: Negative feelings; q716: Personal relationships; q717: Sex; q718: Social support; q719: Physical safety and security; q720: Physical environment; q721, financial resources; q722: Information and skills; q723: Recreation and leisure; q724: Home environment; q725: Health accessibility and quality; q726: Transport.</p

SEM for factors associated with HRQOL for substance youths in central Gondar zone, 2021.

Where, PHD: Physical health domain, ENVHD: Environmental health domain, SRHD: Social relations domain, PSHD: Psychological health domain, parcil_1: Average of Q7 and Q13, parcil_2: Average of Q14 and Q24, parcil_3: Average of Q8 and Q23, parcil_4: Average of Q12 and Q25, parcil_5: Average of Q5 and Q11, parcil_6: Average of Q19 and Q7, parcil_7 = average of Q6 and Q26, parcil_8 = average of Q3, Q10 and Q17, parcil_9 = average of Q4 and Q16 parcil_10 = the average of Q18 and Q15, Resi: Residents of patients, education: Educational level of the youths, loss: Loss of beloved family, Social_S: Social support, psychotic: Psychotic symptoms of the youths, job: Job status of the youth.</p

Socio-demographic and family-related characteristics of the respondents.

Socio-demographic and family-related characteristics of the respondents.</p

S1 Data -

(DTA)</p

The direct, indirect, and total effect of socio-demographical and clinical factors on HRQOL domains among youth who use substances.

The direct, indirect, and total effect of socio-demographical and clinical factors on HRQOL domains among youth who use substances.</p

HRQOL of substance youths in central Gondar zone, 2021.

HRQOL of substance youths in central Gondar zone, 2021.</p

Perceived self-rated health satisfaction of substances used by youths in central Gondar zone, 2021.

Perceived self-rated health satisfaction of substances used by youths in central Gondar zone, 2021.</p

Knowledge and attitude of the communities towards COVID-19 and associated factors among Gondar City residents, northwest Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study.

BackgroundCOVID-19 is the novel coronavirus responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of acute respiratory disease and viral pneumonia. In order to tackle the devastating condition of the virus, countries need to attack the virus with aggressive and targeted tactics. Thus, to strengthen the COVID-19 mitigation measures and to give rapid response, there is an urgent need to understand the public's knowledge and attitude about of the pandemic at this critical moment.ObjectiveThis study was aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of communities about COVID-19 and associated factors among Gondar City residents.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study was done among 623 respondents in Gondar city from April 20-27/2020. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from different literatures. The data were entered using Epi data version 3.1 and then exported into STATA version 14 for analysis. Bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression were performed. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was used to declare statistically significant variables on the basis of p value less than 0.05 in the multivariable binary logistic regression model.ResultsThe overall knowledge and attitude of the community towards COVID19 was 51.85% [95% CI (47.91%-55.78%)] and 53.13% [95% CI (49.20, 57.06%)], respectively. In this study, being married [AOR = 0.60 at 95% CI: (0.42, 0.86)], educational level; primary [AOR = 3.14 at 95% CI: (1.78,5.54)], secondary [AOR = 2.81 at 95% CI: (1.70,4.63)], college and above [AOR = 4.49 at 95% CI: 7.92, 13.98)], and family size [AOR = 1.80, at 95% CI: (1.05, 3.08)] were emerged as statistically significant factors impacting the knowledge of the community about COVID-19. Besides, educational level; primary [AOR = 1.76 at 95% CI: (1.03, 3.01)], secondary [AOR = 1.69 at 95% CI: (1.07, 2.68)], and college & above [AOR = 2.38 at 95% CI: (1.50, 3.79)], and family size; four to six members [AOR = 1.84 at 95% CI (1.27, 2.67)], above seven members [AOR = 1.79 at 95% CI (1.08, 2.96)] were factors identified as significantly attribute for positive attitude of the communities towards COVID-19.ConclusionMore than half of the respondents had better knowledge and attitude regarding COVID-19. Higher educational level and larger family size were significant factors predominantly affecting the knowledge and attitude of the communities towards COVID-19