Caracterización florística y análisis de diversidad de la vegetación leñosa de bosque seco en el área de distribución de la pava aliblanca (Penélope albipennis Taczanowsky)

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Departamento Académico de Manejo ForestalComprende el área de distribución de la pava aliblanca (ADPA), ubicado en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera de los Andes de Perú, entre los departamentos de Piura, Lambayeque y Cajamarca. Se caracterizó la composición florística del estrato arbóreo-arbustivo del hábitat de la pava aliblanca (Penelope albipennis Taczanowsky) y se evaluó el nivel de diversidad vegetal del área. La metodología empleada se basó en los transectos Gentry de 0,1 ha para inventarios rápidos. Inicialmente, se realizó el reconocimiento y selección de sitios donde se instalaron los transectos o parcelas, en base a los aspectos ecológicos y puntos de registro actual del ave en la zona; y a la estratificación por cuencas del ADPA para tener una representatividad del lugar. Se determinó que las zonas núcleo del ADPA se encuentran disponibles florísticamente, para proteger las poblaciones silvestres y pretender, parcialmente, realizar una reintroducción de Penelope albipennis; debido a que las especies prioritarias que a ella se refiere, se mantienen con un alto valor de importancia ecológica en el hábitat del ave. La especie mas importante florísticamente en el ADPA, común para todas las zonas estudiadas y a su vez una de las preferidas por la pava aliblanca (alimentación y cobertura para descanso) es Eriotheca ruizii (Schumann) Robyns. Por otro lado, a lo largo del ADPA, la similitud florística de los hábitat de la pava aliblanca de una misma cuenca es alta; y la similitud entre los hábitat de cuencas diferentes, es baja cuando están alejadas y alta cuando son próximas. Finalmente, la relación presencia-ausencia de especies leñosas preferidas por el ave para su alimentación, es posiblemente, la principal razón ecológica que influye en el tamaño de su población y número de sitios donde se la encuentra. Es decir, la cantidad de especies que son útiles a la pava aliblanca es directamente proporcional, primero, al número de individuos de pava aliblanca; y segundo, a la cantidad de lugares que habita el ave, tanto en el tramo sur como en el tramo norte del ADPA.Tesi

Asociación maíz (Zea mays) y frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) y su influencia sobre el rendimiento de forraje en Molinopampa, Amazonas.

El maíz es un cereal que destaca en su utilización para fines forrajeros y la base de otros alimentos derivados para la ganadería, su importancia radica en su alto contenido nutricional y su adaptación de diversos ambientes, asimismo, la asociación del cultivo de maíz con leguminosas influye en el incremento de la producción a comparación del monocultivo. En ese sentido la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la asociación maíz (Zea mays) y frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) y su influencia sobre el rendimiento de forraje en Molinopampa, Amazonas. Para ello, se estableció un Diseño de Bloques Completamente al Azar con 11 tratamientos en 3 repeticiones, utilizando tres variedades de maíz forrajero, Chuska INIA, Marginal y Advanta y dos de frijol, Vidillo y Wasca. Se evaluaron cinco variables y se finalizó con la determinación del rendimiento de materia verde y seca de la asociación. La asociación de maíz Chuska INIA - frijol Vidillo, obtuvo los mayores valores para altura de planta, número de hojas, con 252.08 cm y 14.08 respectivamente; de igual forma la misma variedad de maíz destaco en cuanto a diámetro de tallo en cultivo sin asociación y en asociación; en rendimiento de materia verde destaco la asociación de maíz Chuska INIA - frijol Vidillo con 115.63 t/ha y en materia seca con 26.05 t/ha, seguido de la asociación de maíz Chuska INIA - frijol Wasca y maíz Marginal- frijol Vidillo

Cognitive Abilities: Intergenerational Transmission by Socioeconomic Levels

Resumen: Un modelo switching aplicado a información de la encuesta ENNViH 2002 evidencia diferencias significativas en la formación de habilidad cognitiva infantil através de los estratos sociales mexicanos. Un pequeño conjunto de variables de política pública y de características económicas de la localidad detecta un importante gradiente y variaciones en los determinantes familiares de la habilidad cognitiva infantil. Los niños de estratos sociales bajos adquieren una menor habilidad cognitiva, y dependen de la satisfacción de necesidades más básicas, que los de niveles mas altos. En los estratos bajos los coeficientes son consistentes con la existencia de restricciones de riqueza, que impiden una inversión óptima en el desarrollo infantil.Using the ENNViH 2002 survey, a switching model shows that significant diferences exist in the formation of infant cognitive ability across Mexican social strata. Public policy variables and local economic characteristics are suficient to detect an important gradient in cognitive abilities and their family determinants in children. Children from lower strata acquire lower cognitive abilities and depend on the satisfaction of more basic needs than children in higher strata. Coeficients for the lower strata are consistent with the existence of wealth restrictions that impede optimal investment in child development.habilidades cognitivas, desigualdad, intergeneracional, politica publica, cognitive ability, inequality, intergenerational, public policy, switching

An explanatory analysis of economic and health inequality changes among Mexican indigenous people, 2000-2010

INTRODUCTION: Mexico faces important problems concerning income and health inequity. Mexico’s national public agenda prioritizes remedying current inequities between its indigenous and non-indigenous population groups. This study explores the changes in social inequalities among Mexico’s indigenous and non-indigenous populations for the time period 2000 to 2010 using routinely collected poverty, welfare and health indicator data. METHODS: We described changes in socioeconomic indicators (housing condition), poverty (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke and Sen-Shorrocks-Sen indexes), health indicators (childhood stunting and infant mortality) using diverse sources of nationally representative data. RESULTS: This analysis provides consistent evidence of disparities in the Mexican indigenous population regarding both basic and crucial developmental indicators. Although developmental indicators have improved among the indigenous population, when we compare indigenous and non-indigenous people, the gap in socio-economic and developmental indicators persists. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a decade of efforts to promote public programs, poverty persists and is a particular burden for indigenous populations within Mexican society. In light of the results, it would be advisable to review public policy and to specifically target future policy to the needs of the indigenous population

Probability and amount of medicines expenditure according to health insurance status in Kenya: A household survey in eight counties

National and county governments in Kenya have introduced various health insurance schemes to protect households against financial hardship as a result of large health expenditure. This study examines the relationship between health insurance and medicine expenditure in eight counties in Kenya.A cross-sectional study of collected primary data via household survey in eight counties was performed. Three measures of medicine expenditure were analysed: the probability of any out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on medicines in the last 4 weeks; amount of OOPE on medicines; and OOPE on medicines as a proportion of total OOPE on health

Habilidades Cognitivas: Transmision Intergeneracional Por Niveles Socioeconomicos

Resumen: Un modelo switching aplicado a información de la encuesta ENNViH 2002 evidencia diferencias significativas en la formación de habilidad cognitiva infantil através de los estratos sociales mexicanos. Un pequeño conjunto de variables de política pública y de características económicas de la localidad detecta un importante gradiente y variaciones en los determinantes familiares de la habilidad cognitiva infantil. Los niños de estratos sociales bajos adquieren una menor habilidad cognitiva, y dependen de la satisfacción de necesidades más básicas, que los de niveles mas altos. En los estratos bajos los coeficientes son consistentes con la existencia de restricciones de riqueza, que impiden una inversión óptima en el desarrollo infantil. Abstract: Using the ENNViH 2002 survey, a switching model shows that significant diferences exist in the formation of infant cognitive ability across Mexican social strata. Public policy variables and local economic characteristics are suficient to detect an important gradient in cognitive abilities and their family determinants in children. Children from lower strata acquire lower cognitive abilities and depend on the satisfaction of more basic needs than children in higher strata. Coeficients for the lower strata are consistent with the existence of wealth restrictions that impede optimal investment in child development

The relationship of age and place of delivery with postpartum contraception prior to discharge in Mexico: A retrospective cohort study

AbstractObjectivesTo test the association of age (adolescents vs. older women) and place of delivery with receipt of immediate postpartum contraception in Mexico.Study designRetrospective cohort study, Mexico, nationally representative sample of women 12–39years old at last delivery. We used multivariable logistic regression to test the association of self-reported receipt of postpartum contraception prior to discharge with age and place of delivery (public, employment based, private, or out of facility). We included individual and household-level confounders and calculated relative and absolute multivariable estimates of association.ResultsOur analytic sample included 7022 women (population, N=9,881,470). Twenty percent of the population was 12–19years old at last birth, 55% aged 20–29 and 25% 30–39years old. Overall, 43% of women reported no postpartum contraceptive method. Age was not significantly associated with receipt of a method, controlling for covariates. Women delivering in public facilities had lower odds of receipt of a method (Odds Ratio=0.52; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=0.40–0.68) compared with employment-based insurance facilities. We estimated 76% (95% CI=74–78%) of adolescents (12–19years) who deliver in employment-based insurance facilities leave with a method compared with 59% (95% CI=56–62%) who deliver in public facilities.ConclusionBoth adolescents and women ages 20–39 receive postpartum contraception, but nearly half of all women receive no method. Place of delivery is correlated with receipt of postpartum contraception, with lower rates in the public sector. Lessons learned from Mexico are relevant to other countries seeking to improve adolescent health through reducing unintended pregnancy.ImplicationsAdolescents receive postpartum contraception as often as older women in Mexico, but half of all women receive no method

A Cross-Sectional Study of Prisoners in Mexico City Comparing Prevalence of Transmissible Infections and Chronic Diseases with That in the General Population.

ObjectivesTo describe patterns of transmissible infections, chronic illnesses, socio-demographic characteristics and risk behaviors in Mexico City prisons, including in comparison to the general population, to identify those currently needing healthcare and inform policy.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study among 17,000 prisoners at 4 Mexico City prisons (June to December 2010). Participation was voluntary, confidential and based on informed consent. Participants were tested for HIV, Hepatitis B & C, syphilis, hypertension, obesity, and, if at risk, glucose and cholesterol. A subset completed a questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics and risk behaviors. Positive results were delivered with counseling and treatment or referral.Results76.8% (15,517/20,196) of men and 92.9% (1,779/1,914) of women participated. Complete data sets were available for 98.8%. The following prevalence data were established for transmissible infections: HIV 0.7%; syphilis: Anti-TP+/VDRL+ 2.0%; Hepatitis B: HBcAb 2.8%, HBsAg 0.15%; Anti-HCV 3.2%. Obesity: 9.5% men, 33.8% women. Compared with national age- and sex-matched data, the relative prevalence was greater for HIV and syphilis among women, HIV and Hepatitis C in men, and all infections in younger participants. Obesity prevalence was similar for women and lower among male participants. The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes and hypertension was lower. Questionnaire data (1,934 men, 520 women) demonstrated lower educational levels, increased smoking and substance use compared to national data. High levels of non-sterile tattooing, physical abuse and histories of sexual violence were found.ConclusionThe study identified that health screening is acceptable to Mexico City prisoners and feasible on a large-scale. It demonstrated higher prevalence of HIV and other infections compared to national data, though low rates compared to international data. Individual participants benefited from earlier diagnosis, treatment and support. The data collected will also enable the formulation of improved policy for this vulnerable group

Habilidades Cognitivas: Transmision Intergeneracional Por Niveles Socioeconomicos

Resumen: Un modelo switching aplicado a información de la encuesta ENNViH 2002 evidencia diferencias significativas en la formación de habilidad cognitiva infantil através de los estratos sociales mexicanos. Un pequeño conjunto de variables de política pública y de características económicas de la localidad detecta un importante gradiente y variaciones en los determinantes familiares de la habilidad cognitiva infantil. Los niños de estratos sociales bajos adquieren una menor habilidad cognitiva, y dependen de la satisfacción de necesidades más básicas, que los de niveles mas altos. En los estratos bajos los coeficientes son consistentes con la existencia de restricciones de riqueza, que impiden una inversión óptima en el desarrollo infantil. Abstract: Using the ENNViH 2002 survey, a switching model shows that significant diferences exist in the formation of infant cognitive ability across Mexican social strata. Public policy variables and local economic characteristics are suficient to detect an important gradient in cognitive abilities and their family determinants in children. Children from lower strata acquire lower cognitive abilities and depend on the satisfaction of more basic needs than children in higher strata. Coeficients for the lower strata are consistent with the existence of wealth restrictions that impede optimal investment in child development

Understanding the heterogeneous nature of the demand for soft drinks in Mexico: why social determinants also matter.

Background. Soft drink consumption is a risk factor for obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases, and policies to reduce it have been proposed around the world, including taxation. Little is known about the role of other social and economic factors on the demand of such goods. In addition, heterogeneity of the demand due to different levels of consumption has been rarely explored. The aim of this study is to analyse the heterogeneous nature of the demand for soft drinks to understand the role of economic and social factors (provision of safe water /local food market conditions) and draw recommendations for the design of obesity prevention. Methods. Population, cross-sectional analysis of household data from the Mexican Family Life Survey, grouped into three consumption groups (low/medium/high consumers, defined by the proportion of total household expenditure devoted to soft drink purchases) and three economic poverty groups (defined by extreme and moderate income poverty lines). Multivariate probit regressions were applied to explore factors associated to the probability to be a consumer, and simultaneous multivariate quantile regressions were used to model the quantity purchased of soft drinks. Heckman’s procedure was used to control for identification bias. Results. The adjusted probability that a household becomes a consumer is significantly higher with male, educated heads of households and higher household income. Living in localities where access to safe water for drinking and cooking needs is not universal significantly increases the probability to consume soft drinks while living in localities with convenience stores and supermarkets (local food market condition) significantly decreases it, especially in households facing extreme poverty. Demand from low-consumption households is price-inelastic (-0.97) compared with high-consumers (-1.2). Yet when the population is grouped by poverty, households in extreme poverty have a higher significant price-elasticity (-1.5) than those above moderate poverty line (-1.3). Conclusions. In order to design policies that adequately affect the demand for soft drinks on high consumers and benefit the poor, social factors should be considered. A comprehensive obesity prevention strategy should complement taxes with policies that affect social determinants such as the local provision of safe water and local food market conditions