12,763 research outputs found
Perinatal and newborn care in a two years retrospective study in a first level peripheral hospital in Sicily (Italy)
BACKGROUND: Two hundred seventy-five thousand maternal deaths, 2.7 million neonatal deaths, and 2.6 million stillbirths have been estimated in 2015 worldwide, almost all in low-income countries (LICs). Moreover, more than 20 million severe disabilities result from the complications of pregnancy, childbirth or its management each year. A significant decrease of mortality/morbidity rates could be achieved by providing effective perinatal and newborn care also in high-income countries (HICs), especially in peripheral hospitals and/or rural areas, where the number of childbirths per year is often under the minimal threshold recognized by the reference legislation. We report on a 2 years retrospective cohort study, conducted in a first level peripheral hospital in Cefalù, a small city in Sicily (Italy), to evaluate care provided and mortality/morbidity rates. The proposed goal is to improve the quality of care, and the services that peripheral centers can offer. METHODS: We collected data from maternity and neonatal records, over a 2-year period from January 2017 to December 2018. The informations analyzed were related to demographic features (age, ethnicity/origin area, residence, educational level, marital status), diagnosis at admission (attendance of birth training courses, parity, type of pregnancy, gestational age, fetal presentation), mode of delivery, obstetric complications, the weight of the newborns, their feeding and eventual transfer to II level hospitals, also through the Neonatal Emergency Transport Service, if the established criteria were present. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixteen women were included (age 18-48 years). 179 (22%) attended birth training courses. 763 (93%) were Italian, 53 foreign (7%). 175 (21%) came from outside the province of Palermo. Eight hundred ten were single pregnancies, 6 bigeminal; 783 were at term (96%), 33 preterm (4%, GA 30-41 WG); 434 vaginal deliveries (53%), 382 caesarean sections (47%). One maternal death and 28 (3%) obstetric complications occurred during the study period. The total number of children born to these women was 822, 3 of which stillbirths (3.6‰). 787 (96%) were born at term (>37WG), 35 preterm (4%), 31 of which late preterm. Twenty-one newborns (2.5%) were transferred to II level hospitals. Among them, 3 for moderate/severe prematurity, 18 for mild prematurity/other pathology. The outcome was favorable for all women (except 1 hysterectomy) and the newborns transferred, and no neonatal deaths occurred in the biennium under investigation. Of the remaining 798 newborns, 440 were breastfed at discharge (55%), 337 had a mixed feeding (breastfed/formula fed, 42%) and 21 were formula fed (3%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the minimal standard of adequate perinatal care in Italy is >500 childbirths/year, the aims of the Italian legislation concern the rationalization of birth centers as well as the structural, technological and organizational improvement of health facilities. Therefore, specific contexts and critical areas need to be identified and managed. Adequate resources and intervention strategies should be addressed not only to perinatal emergencies, but also to the management of mild prematurity/pathology, especially in vulnerable populations for social or orographic reasons. The increasing availability and spread of health care offers, even in HICs, cannot be separated from the goal of quality of care, which is an ethic and public health imperative
Standard and Specialized Infant Formulas in Europe: Making, Marketing, and Health Outcomes
Infant formulas are the only suitable substitute for human milk. The most common infant formulas are standard formulas based on cow's milk. In addition, there are formulas for infants showing signs and symptoms of intolerance and for clinical conditions such as allergy, prematurity, and gastrointestinal diseases. A comprehensive review of the literature was made to review the composition of standard and specialized infant formulas and analyze indications for use, real or presumed nutrition differences and properties, and impact on infant growth. A brief consideration on costs is outlined for each formula. Over the past few years, industrial production and advertising of infant formulas have increased. Human milk still remains the most complete source of nutrition for infants and should be continued according to the current recommendations. Few differences exist between infant formulas, both for the nutrition action and the macronutrient/micronutrient composition. Specialized infant formulas have limited indications for use and high costs. The role of the pediatrician is crucial in the management of infant nutrition, promotion of breastfeeding, and prescribing of specialized formulas only in specific clinical conditions
New gravitational solutions via a Riemann-Hilbert approach
We consider the Riemann-Hilbert factorization approach to solving the field
equations of dimensionally reduced gravity theories. First we prove that
functions belonging to a certain class possess a canonical factorization due to
properties of the underlying spectral curve. Then we use this result, together
with appropriate matricial decompositions, to study the canonical factorization
of non-meromorphic monodromy matrices that describe deformations of seed
monodromy matrices associated with known solutions. This results in new
solutions, with unusual features, to the field equations.Comment: 29 pages, 2 figures; v2: reference added, matches published versio
Two exchange-correlation functionals compared for first-principles liquid water
The first-principles description of liquid water using ab initio molecular
dynamics (AIMD) based on Density Functional theory (DFT) has recently been
found to require long equilibration times, giving too low diffusivities and a
clear over-structuring of the liquid.
In the light of these findings we compare here the room-temperature
description offered by two different exchange correlation functionals: BLYP,
the most popular for liquid water so far, and RPBE, a revision of the widely
used PBE.
We find for RPBE a less structured liquid with radial distribution functions
closer to the experimental ones than the ones of BLYP.
The diffusivity obtained with RPBE for heavy water is still 20% lower than
the corresponding experimental value, but it represents a substantial
improvement on the BLYP value, one order of magnitude lower than experiment.
These characteristics and the hydrogen-bond (HB) network imperfection point
to an effective temperature ~3% lower than the actual simulation temperature
for the RPBE liquid, as compared with BLYP's ~17% deviation.
The too long O--O average nearest-neighbor distance observed points to an
excessively weak HB, possibly compensating more fundamental errors in the DFT
description.Comment: Jorunal reference adde
Black brane solutions and their solitonic extremal limit in Einstein-scalar gravity
We investigate static, planar, solutions of Einstein-scalar gravity admitting
an anti-de Sitter (AdS) vacuum. When the squared mass of the scalar field is
positive and the scalar potential can be derived from a superpotential, minimum
energy theorems indicate the existence of a scalar soliton. On the other hand,
for these models, no-hair theorems forbid the existence of hairy black brane
solutions with AdS asymptotics. By considering a specific example (an exact
integrable model which has the form of a Toda molecule) and by deriving
explicit exact solution, we show that these models allow for hairy black brane
solutions with non-AdS domain wall asymptotics, whose extremal limit is a
scalar soliton. The soliton smoothly interpolates between a non-AdS domain wall
solution at and an AdS solution near .Comment: 5 pages, no figure
Variegate galaxy cluster gas content: Mean fraction, scatter, selection effects and covariance with X-ray luminosity
We use a cluster sample selected independently of the intracluster medium
content with reliable masses to measure the mean gas mass fraction and its
scatter, the biases of the X-ray selection on gas mass fraction, and the
covariance between the X-ray luminosity and gas mass. The sample is formed by
34 galaxy clusters in the nearby () Universe, mostly with
, and with masses calculated with the
caustic technique. First, we found that integrated gas density profiles have
similar shapes, extending earlier results based on subpopulations of clusters
such as those that are relaxed or X-ray bright for their mass. Second, the
X-ray unbiased selection of our sample allows us to unveil a variegate
population of clusters; the gas mass fraction shows a scatter of
dex, possibly indicating a quite variable amount of feedback from cluster to
cluster, which is larger than is found in previous samples targeting
subpopulations of galaxy clusters, such as relaxed or X-ray bright clusters.
The similarity of the gas density profiles induces an almost scatterless
relation between X-ray luminosity, gas mass, and halo mass, and modulates
selection effects in the halo gas mass fraction: gas-rich clusters are
preferentially included in X-ray selected samples. The almost scatterless
relation also fixes the relative scatters and slopes of the and
relations and makes core-excised X-ray luminosities and gas masses
fully covariant. Therefore, cosmological or astrophysical studies involving
X-ray or SZ selected samples need to account for both selection effects and
covariance of the studied quantities with X-ray luminosity/SZ strength.Comment: A&A, in press, minor language changes from previous versio
Exact solutions with AdS asymptotics of Einstein and Einstein-Maxwell gravity minimally coupled to a scalar field
We propose a general method for solving exactly the static field equations of
Einstein and Einstein-Maxwell gravity minimally coupled to a scalar field. Our
method starts from an ansatz for the scalar field profile, and determines,
together with the metric functions, the corresponding form of the scalar
self-interaction potential. Using this method we prove a new no-hair theorem
about the existence of hairy black-hole and black-brane solutions and derive
broad classes of static solutions with radial symmetry of the theory, which may
play an important role in applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to
condensed matter and strongly coupled QFTs. These solutions include: 1) four-
or generic -dimensional solutions with planar, spherical or hyperbolic
horizon topology; 2) solutions with AdS, domain wall and Lifshitz asymptotics;
3) solutions interpolating between an AdS spacetime in the asymptotic region
and a domain wall or conformal Lifshitz spacetime in the near-horizon region.Comment: Some references adde
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