Relação entre composição corporal, imagem corporal, atividade fisica e ingeligência emocional em alunos universitários : estudo numa população portuguesa

La fecha de entrada en la Universidad aparece a menudo asociada con el abandono del hábito de práctica de actividad física, ya que muchas horas se dedican al estudio, con la consiguiente reducción del tiempo libre. Así, la experiencia deportiva en la Universidad, se considera un buen factor predictivo de la dedicación a la actividad física en la edad adulta (Basco et al., 1996, cit. por Lores, Murcia, Gutiérrez y Sicilia, 2003). En el ámbito psicológico, el ejercicio regular es beneficioso para la preservación de la función cognitiva, mejora de síntomas depresivos, así como de control personal y autoeficacia. Además de estos beneficios, el ejercicio también parece beneficiar la calidad de las relaciones interpersonales y la superación de retos, es decir, actúa también a nivel social (Sheikh et al., 2003). Nuestro trabajo tiene como objetivo la comprensión de la relación entre la composición corporal, la imagen corporal, nivel de actividad física y la inteligencia emocional en estudiantes universitarios. Para lograr este objetivo general, algunos objetivos específicos se han cumplido: caracterizar la muestra cuanto a las variables independientes (género, curso, edad, estado civil, niños y trabajador-estudiante), identificar los diferentes parámetros de composición corporal (peso, talla, IMC, %GV, %MM y GV), para analizar cómo los estudiantes percepcionan y sienten su imagen corporal, conocer el nivel de actividad física entre los estudiantes, conocer el grado de inteligencia emocional percibida, determinar cómo influyen las variables independientes en las diferentes dimensiones de análisis, y cómo se relacionan. En cuanto al diseño de la investigación: muestreo no probabilístico (por conveniencia), un estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlaciona!. La recogida de datos se basa en la utilización de instrumentos cuantitativos (Figure Rating ScaleStunkard, Sorenson y Schlusinger, 1983 ; Body Shape Questionnaire - Cooper et al, 1987; International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Craig Marshall, Sgostrom, Bauman, Booth, Ainsworth et al, 2003; Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) - Salovey et al, 1995). Los individuos de la muestra (n = 400) tenían edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 61 años (edad media de 30,64± 8,85años), y la mayoría de los estudiantes (207), se encuentra en grupo de 18 a 28, 13 tienen entre 29 y 39 años, 44 entre 40 y 50 años, y el último de 18 años son entre 51 y 61 años. Cuanto al estado civil , la mayoría de los participantes son solteros (58,5%), 80 participantes (20%) están casados, 42 estan divorciados ( 1 0,5%), y el restante ( 11 %) respondieron "otro". Con respecto a la existencia de niños, 287 participantes (71 ,8%) no tienen hijos, y 113 (28,3%) tienen. La mayoría son estudiantes (262 estudiantes, 65,5%). La muestra incluye a los estudiantes de 17 cursos diferentes, de estudio diferentes (licenciatura, master y especializaciones) y el curso que tiene más estudiantes es la Licenciatura en Educación Física y Deporte (92). Se verificó que existe una relación inversa entre la mayoría de los parámetros de la composición corporal y la imagen corporal, es decir, los sujetos que se percepcionan con una silueta más voluminosa, son también los que están más insatisfechos por el exceso y más preocupados con su imagen corporal. Estos participantes también son los menos activos y los que presentaran menores valores de inteligencia emocional. Los estudiantes más activos son los que tienen una composición corporal más saludable, una imagen corporal más positiva, ya que están más satisfechos y menos preocupados, y aquellos con valores más altos en la inteligencia emocional. De este modo podemos decir que la actividad física tuvo un papel positivo e influyente en el resto de dimensiones en el análisis, demostrando ser un factor ventajoso y de protección para los sujetos.The time of entry into the University comes up often associated with the abandonment of the habit of physical activity, as many hours are devoted to the study, with a consequent reduction of free time. Thus, the sport experience in University, is considered a good indicator for physical activity dedication later in adulthood (Basco et al. , 1996, cit. by Lores, Murcia, Gutierrez & Sicilia, 2003). In the psychological field , regular exercise is beneficia! for the preservation of cognitive function , improve depressive symptoms, as well as personal control and self-efficacy. In addition to these benefits, exercise also seems to benefit the quality of interpersonal relationships and overcoming challenges (also acts at the social leve!) (Sheikh el al., 2003). Our work aims to understand the relationship between body composition, body image, physical activity leve! and emotional intelligence in college students. To achieve this general aim, sorne specific objectives have been met: characterize the sample (independent variables: gender, degree, age, marital status, children and student-employee), to identify the different parameters of body composition (weight, height, BMI,% FM,% MM and VFM), to analyze how students perceived and feel their body image, know the leve! of physical activity, know perceived emotional intelligence leve!, identify how the independent variables influence the different dimensions of analysis, and how they relate. As for the design of research: nonprobability sampling (by convenience), a cross-sectional descriptive and correlational. The data collection was based on the use of quantitative instruments (Figure Rating Scale - Stunkard, Sorenson and Schlusinger, 1983; Body Shape Questionnaire- Cooper el al, 1987; International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Craig Marshall, Sgostrom, Bauman, Booth, Ainsworth el al, 2003 ; Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) - Salovey el al. , 1995). The individuals in the sample (n =400) were aged between 18 and 61 years (mean age 30.64±8.85 years), with the majority of students (207), in the group of 18-28, 13 are between 29 and 39 years, 44 between 40 and 50 years, and 18 are between 51 and 61 years. Regarding marital status, most participants are single (58 .5%), 80 participants (20%) are married, 42 were divorced ( 1 0.5%), and the remaining ( 11 %) responded "other." With regard to the existence of children, 287 participants (71.8%) have no chi1dren, and 113 (28.3%) have. Most are working student (262 students - 65.5%). The sample includes students from 17 different degrees, different leve1s of study (1st degree, master and specializations), and the degree that has more students is the Physical Education and Sport - 1st degree (92). lt was found that there is an in verse relationship between most of the evaluated parameters of body composition and body image - subjects that are match its silhouette forms bulkier are also those who are more dissatisfied and more concemed by excess. These students are also the least active and those who were less values of emotional intelligence. Students seem to be more active values are those with healthy body composition, body image, since they are more satisfied and less concern and those with higher values in emotional intelligence. We can thus say that physical activity had a positive and influential role in the remaining dimensions in the analysis, proving to be an advantageous factor and protective

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status