Innovative Education in Russia

The authors see globalization as a catalyzer of innovative development. Modern innovations develop under conditions of open global economy that has features of an open market, high competition and global communication. This results in intensive interaction between countries, companies and communities in all spheres of economic life. Social and economic modernization and structural changes in Russian society under conditions of globalization are related to the transfer from a natural resources economy to a new stage of social development. This stage is considered as one where information and knowledge play the key role and the generation of new knowledge is based on the systematization of existing knowledge. This type of modernization assumes economic growth; it is the basis for innovations and human resources that conform to the needs of the economy. Mineev notes that it is important to correlate the outputs of national education reform with its adaptive significance and global transformations” (Mineev, 2009). Implementation of this strategy requires a development of the principles that meet this goal. This paper aims to consider these factors. Keywords: Education, development, economy JEL Classifications: I2, I25, P

Конкурентоспособность российского образования на мировом рынке образовательных услуг

The authors explore the reasons causing decreasing of competitiveness of education in Russia in the international educational industry. Their analysis is based on methodological principles of educational philosophy and competitiveness science. The authors formulate the reasons of education in Russia recession. Their formulations are based on the idea that the main goal of education assumes training a competitive individual able to perform social roles. The authors consider the main reasons as follows: inconformity of education quality to international standards and principles “longlife education” and “from age to degree”; lack of transparent state educational policy; partial non-continuous vertical and horizontal connections of education and science, industry and technologies and sometimes not legitimate image made by mass-media of Russia. The authors suggest measures able to improve the situation.На основе методологических принципов философии образования и конкурентологии авторы исследуют проблему причин понижения конкурентоспособности российского образования на мировом рынке образовательных услуг. Опираясь на тезис о том, что основной целью образования сегодня является подготовка конкурентоспособного субъекта, способного выполнить многие социальные роли, авторы формулируют причины отставания российского образования. К основным они относят: несоответствие качества образования мировым стандартам и принципам «образование через всю жизнь» и «от возраста к ступени»; отсутствие «прозрачной» государственной политики в области образования; частичную разорванность вертикальных и горизонтальных связей образования с наукой, производством и технологиями, а также не всегда правомерный имидж образования, который создается российскими СМИ. Предлагается ряд мер, которые, на взгляд авторов, позволяют снизить критичность ситуации

Electrical properties of α-Ga2O3 films grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire with α-Cr2O3 buffers

We report on growth and electrical properties of α-Ga2O3 films prepared by halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) at 500 °C on α-Cr2O3 buffers predeposited on sapphire by magnetron sputtering. The α-Cr2O3 buffers showed a wide microcathodoluminescence (MCL) peak near 350 nm corresponding to the α-Cr2O3 bandgap and a sharp MCL line near 700 nm due to the Cr+ intracenter transition. Ohmic contacts to Cr2O3 were made with both Ti/Au or Ni, producing linear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics over a wide temperature range with an activation energy of conductivity of ∼75 meV. The sign of thermoelectric power indicated p-type conductivity of the buffers. Sn-doped, 2-μm-thick α-Ga2O3 films prepared on this buffer by HVPE showed donor ionization energies of 0.2–0.25 eV, while undoped films were resistive with the Fermi level pinned at EC of 0.3 eV. The I–V and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of Ni Schottky diodes on Sn-doped samples using a Cr2O3 buffer indicated the presence of two face-to-face junctions, one between n-Ga2O3 and p-Cr2O3, the other due to the Ni Schottky diode with n-Ga2O3. The spectral dependence of the photocurrent measured on the structure showed the presence of three major deep traps with optical ionization thresholds near 1.3, 2, and 2.8 eV. Photoinduced current transient spectroscopy spectra of the structures were dominated by deep traps with an ionization energy of 0.95 eV. These experiments suggest another pathway to obtain p–n heterojunctions in the α-Ga2O3 system

Effects of sapphire substrate orientation on Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy using α-Cr2O3 buffers

Heavily Sn-doped films of α-Ga2O3 were grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on basal plane c-sapphire and on (10-12) r-sapphire substrates with and without α-Cr2O3 thin buffers prepared by magnetron sputtering and annealing in air at 500 °C for 3 h. For both substrate orientations, the use of α-Cr2O3 buffers led to three major effects. The first was a substantial decrease of the half-width of the symmetric and asymmetric x-ray reflections. The second was an order of magnitude decrease of the net donor concentration produced by flowing the same amounts of Sn into the reactor. Third, there was a reduction in the concentration of the major electron trap in the films near Ec − 1 eV by more than a factor of two. These results show the major influence of sapphire substrate orientation on the electrical and structural properties of α-Ga2O3 grown by HVPE

Identification of the xenograft and its ascendant sphere-forming cell line as belonging to EBV-induced lymphoma, and characterization of the status of sphere-forming cells

Abstract Background We have characterized the human cell line arised from the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) positive multiple myeloma aspirate subjected to the long-term cultivation. This cell line has acquired the ability to form free-floating spheres and to produce a xenograft upon transplantation into NOD/SCID mice. Methods Cells from both in vitro culture and developed xenografts were investigated with a number of analytical approaches, including pathomorphological analysis, FISH analysis, and analysis of the surface antigens and of the VDJ locus rearrangement. Results The obtained results, as well as the confirmed presence of EBV, testify that both biological systems are derived from B-cells, which, in turn, is a progeny of the EBV-transformed B-cellular clone that supplanted the primordial multiple myeloma cells. Next we assessed whether cells that (i) were constantly present in vitro in the investigated cell line, (ii) were among the sphere-forming cells, and (iii) were capable of internalizing a fluorescent TAMRA-labeled DNA probe (TAMRA+ cells) belonged to one of the three types of undifferentiated bone marrow cells of a multiple myeloma patient: CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, CD90+ mesenchymal stem cells, and clonotypic multiple myeloma cell. Conclusion TAMRA+ cells were shown to constitute the fourth independent subpopulation of undifferentiated bone marrow cells of the multiple myeloma patient. We have demonstrated the formation of ectopic contacts between TAMRA+ cells and cells of other types in culture, in particular with CD90+ mesenchymal stem cells, followed by the transfer of some TAMRA+ cell material into the contacted cell

The Macrophage Activator GcMAF-RF Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Karanahan Technology through Induction of M2–M1 Macrophage Reprogramming

Macrophages are the immune cells of high-immunological plasticity, which can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as repolarize their phenotype to the opposite or neutral one. In this regard, M2 macrophages of the tumor-associated stroma (TAS) are a promising therapeutic target in treating malignant neoplasms. Using FACS assay, we have estimated the CD11b+/Ly-6G+/Ly-6C+ fraction of macrophages from the peritoneum and TAS in intact healthy mice and those with developed Lewis carcinoma, both untreated and treated according to Karanahan technology in combination with group-specific macrophage activator (GcMAF-RF). As well, the pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression in different groups of experimental and tumor-bearing animals was assessed. It was found that: (i) exposure of intact mice to GcMAF-RF results in the increased number of CD11b+/Ly-6C+ peritoneal macrophages and, at the same time, the expression pattern of cytokines in peritoneal macrophages switches from that characteristic of the mixed M1/M2 phenotype to that characteristic of the neutral M0 one; (ii) combination of Karanahan technology and GcMAF-RF treatment results in M0/M1 repolarization of TAS macrophages; (iii) in tumor-bearing mice, the response of peritoneal macrophages to such a treatment is associated with the induction of anti-inflammatory reaction, which is opposite to that in TAS macrophages

Impacts of environmental change on biodiversity and vegetation dynamics in Siberia

Biological diversity is the basis for, and an indicator of biosphere integrity. Together with climate change, its loss is one of the two most important planetary boundaries. A halt in biodiversity loss is one of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current changes in biodiversity in the vast landmass of Siberia are at an initial stage of inventory, even though the Siberian environment is experiencing rapid climate change, weather extremes and transformation of land use and management. Biodiversity changes affect traditional land use by Indigenous People and multiple ecosystem services with implications for local and national economies. Here we review and analyse a large number of scientific publications, which are little known outside Russia, and we provide insights into Siberian biodiversity issues for the wider international research community. Case studies are presented on biodiversity changes for insect pests, fish, amphibians and reptiles, birds, mammals and steppe vegetation, and we discuss their causes and consequence

A Complex of Marine Geophysical Methods for Studying Gas Emission Process on the Arctic Shelf

The Russian sector of the arctic shelf is the longest in the world. Quite a lot of places of massive discharge of bubble methane from the seabed into the water column and further into the atmosphere were found there. This natural phenomenon requires an extensive complex of geological, biological, geophysical, and chemical studies. This article is devoted to aspects of the use of a complex of marine geophysical equipment applied in the Russian sector of the arctic shelf for the detection and study of areas of the water and sedimentary strata with increased saturation with natural gases, as well as a description of some of the results obtained. This complex contains a single-beam scientific high-frequency echo sounder and multibeam system, a sub-bottom profiler, ocean-bottom seismographs, and equipment for continuous seismoacoustic profiling and electrical exploration. The experience of using the above equipment and the examples of the results obtained in the Laptev Sea have shown that these marine geophysical methods are effective and of particular importance for solving most problems related to the detection, mapping, quantification, and monitoring of underwater gas release from the bottom sediments of the shelf zone of the arctic seas, as well as the study of upper and deeper geological roots of gas emission and their relationship with tectonic processes. Geophysical surveys have a significant performance advantage compared to any contact methods. The large-scale application of a wide range of marine geophysical methods is essential for a comprehensive study of the geohazards of vast shelf zones, which have significant potential for economic use