Behavioral performance for all conditions of experiment 1 (orientation).

<p>‘Hits’: Percentage of correct detections. ‘FA rate’: Percentage of false alarms (indications of change when no change was present). ‘d′’: Measure of perceptual sensitivity. Log β: Measure of response bias towards either a change or no-change response.</p

Grasping angle preshaping.

<p>Mean orientation of the thumb-index vector, as a function of target bar orientation (45 or −45 deg) and experiment (orientation/luminance) in the grasping condition. The horizontal axis represents the percent movement completed (0–100%), where 0% is movement onset and 100% is the point where the bar on screen is grasped. Error bars represent the standard error (SE).</p

Visual hemifield differences in grasping and pointing performance.

<p>Differences in sensitivity between grasping and pointing are prominent when the stimulus is shown in the right visual field, but not when the stimulus appears in the left visual field.</p

Behavioral performance for all conditions of experiment 2 (luminance).

<p>‘Hits’: Percentage of correct detections. ‘FA rate’: Percentage of false alarms (indications of change when no change was present). ‘d′’: Measure of perceptual sensitivity. Log β: Measure of response bias towards either a change or no-change response.</p

Experimental paradigm.

<p>(A) Stimulus display used in experiment 1 (orientation) and 2 (luminance). A fixation spot was followed by the appearance of a bar that signaled the go-cue for the action to be executed (by instruction) and which could be either rotated slightly (left, experiment 1) or differ in luminance (right, experiment 2) from the subsequent second bar. A brief fixation period (100 ms) was present between the first and second bar presentation. Subjects responded by key-press after execution of the action. (B) Timeline representation of the paradigm. The top plot represents the grand mean average movement (distance to origin) for either grasping (black) or pointing (gray).</p

Effects of training.

<p>Separate analyses were performed on the first (block 1–2) and second half (block 3–4) of the first (orientation change) experiment. Differences in sensitivity due grasping or pointing preparation become apparent only in the second half of the orientation experiment (1).</p

Kinematic data example.

<p>Exemplar data from grasping and pointing from a single subject, for a single bar position. (A) Velocity profile is taken from the wrist position. The first peak in velocity reflects the initial transport to the screen, whereas the second peak is caused by the retraction from the screen after the grasping/pointing action to the rest position. (B) Height profile is extracted from the thumb and index positions. Here, maximum height is reached when the subjects points to/grasps the bar on screen. Differences in thumb-index height in the grasping condition reflect the grasping aperture.</p

Concomitant Correlation of Task-Related Cb Cortex Activity and Anticorrelation of DCN Activity.

<p>The detail of the T2W scan allows visualization of DCN revealing increases (+) and decreases (-) in task-related functional activity in Cb cortex and within the dentate (respectively) of a single subject. Correlation of task-related activity (+) in the Cb cortex is concomitant with anticorrelation of activity (-) in the dentate and that cognitive depression (PA, green at -57) is located more caudal in the dentate than (the stronger) motor depression (FT, purple at -48). Slice locations (in non-normalized MNI space) are displayed at the top of each panel and maximum T-values from clusters within the circles are displayed at the bottom of the panels; coloring matching the respective color bar. Refer to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0134933#pone.0134933.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1a</a> for a guide to anatomical lobule definitions. FN—fastigial nucleus, IN—interpositus nucleus, D—dentate nucleus.</p

Single Session Imaging of Cerebellum at 7 Tesla: Obtaining Structure and Function of Multiple Motor Subsystems in Individual Subjects

<div><p>The recent increase in the use of high field MR systems is accompanied by a demand for acquisition techniques and coil systems that can take advantage of increased power and accuracy without being susceptible to increased noise. Physical location and anatomical complexity of targeted regions must be considered when attempting to image deeper structures with small nuclei and/or complex cytoarchitechtonics (i.e. small microvasculature and deep nuclei), such as the brainstem and the cerebellum (Cb). Once these obstacles are overcome, the concomitant increase in signal strength at higher field strength should allow for faster acquisition of MR images. Here we show that it is technically feasible to quickly and accurately detect blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes and obtain anatomical images of Cb at high spatial resolutions in individual subjects at 7 Tesla in a single one-hour session. Images were obtained using two high-density multi-element surface coils (32 channels in total) placed beneath the head at the level of Cb, two channel transmission, and three-dimensional sensitivity encoded (3D, SENSE) acquisitions to investigate sensorimotor activations in Cb. Two classic sensorimotor tasks were used to detect Cb activations. BOLD signal changes during motor activity resulted in concentrated clusters of activity within the Cb lobules associated with each task, observed consistently and independently in each subject: Oculomotor vermis (VI/VII) and CrusI/II for pro- and anti-saccades; ipsilateral hemispheres IV-VI for finger tapping; and topographical separation of eye- and hand- activations in hemispheres VI and VIIb/VIII. Though fast temporal resolution was not attempted here, these functional patches of highly specific BOLD signal changes may reflect small-scale shunting of blood in the microvasculature of Cb. The observed improvements in acquisition time and signal detection are ideal for individualized investigations such as differentiation of functional zones prior to surgery.</p></div

Functional Accuracy of Pro-Anti Activations in Cb, Bilateral VI.

<p>Bilateral <i>h</i>VI is activated during PA; crosshairs denote an active cluster in left paravermis VI and distinct clusters can be seen aligned along lobule VI in the axial (rightmost) panels. Slice locations (in non-normalized MNI space) are displayed at the top of each panel and T-values at the crosshairs are displayed at the bottom of the axial panels. Refer to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0134933#pone.0134933.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1a</a> for a guide to anatomical lobule definitions.</p