Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen - entangled motion of two massive objects

In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) considered two particles in an entangled state of motion to illustrate why they questioned the completeness of quantum theory. In the past decades, microscopic systems with entanglement in various degrees of freedom have successfully been generated, representing compelling evidence to support the completeness of quantum theory. Today, the generation of an EPR-entangled state of motion of two massive objects of up to the kilogram-scale seems feasible with state-of-the-art technology. Recently, the generation and verification of EPR-entangled mirror motion in interferometric gravitational wave detectors was proposed, with the aim of testing quantum theory in the regime of macroscopic objects, and to make available nonclassical probe systems for future tests of modified quantum theories that include (non-relativistic) gravity. The work presented here builds on these earlier results and proposes a specific Michelson interferometer that includes two high-quality laser mirrors of about 0.1 kg mass each. The mirrors are individually suspended as pendula and located close to each other, and cooled to about 4 K. The physical concepts for the generation of the EPR-entangled centre of mass motion of these two mirrors are described. Apart from a test of quantum mechanics in the macroscopic world, the setup is envisioned to test predictions of yet-to-be-elaborated modified quantum theories that include gravitational effects

Sensitivity improvement of a laser interferometer limited by inelastic back-scattering, employing dual readout

Inelastic back-scattering of stray light is a long-standing and fundamental problem in high-sensitivity interferometric measurements and a potential limitation for advanced gravitational-wave detectors. The emerging parasitic interferences cannot be distinguished from a scientific signal via conventional single readout. In this work, we propose the subtraction of inelastic back-scatter signals by employing dual homodyne detection on the output light, and demonstrate it for a table-top Michelson interferometer. The additional readout contains solely parasitic signals and is used to model the scatter source. Subtraction of the scatter signal reduces the noise spectral density and thus improves the measurement sensitivity. Our scheme is qualitatively different from the previously demonstrated vetoing of scatter signals and opens a new path for improving the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors and other back-scatter limited devices

Stable control of 10 dB two-mode squeezed vacuum states of light

Continuous variable entanglement is a fundamental resource for many quantum information tasks. Important protocols like superactivation of zero-capacity channels and finite-size quantum cryptography that provides security against most general attacks, require about 10 dB two-mode squeezing. Additionally, stable phase control mechanisms are necessary but are difficult to achieve because the total amount of optical loss to the entangled beams needs to be small. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a control scheme for two-mode squeezed vacuum states at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. Our states exhibited an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen covariance product of 0.0309 \pm 0.0002, where 1 is the critical value, and a Duan inseparability value of 0.360 \pm 0.001, where 4 is the critical value. The latter corresponds to 10.45 \pm 0.01 dB which reflects the average non-classical noise suppression of the two squeezed vacuum states used to generate the entanglement. With the results of this work demanding quantum information protocols will become feasible.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

A graphical description of optical parametric generation of squeezed states of light

The standard process for the production of strongly squeezed states of light is optical parametric amplification (OPA) below threshold in dielectric media such as LiNbO3 or periodically poled KTP. Here, we present a graphical description of squeezed light generation via OPA. It visualizes the interaction between the nonlinear dielectric polarization of the medium and the electromagnetic quantum field. We explicitly focus on the transfer from the field's ground state to a squeezed vacuum state and from a coherent state to a bright squeezed state by the medium's secondorder nonlinearity, respectively. Our pictures visualize the phase dependent amplification and deamplification of quantum uncertainties and give the phase relations between all propagating electro-magnetic fields as well as the internally induced dielectric polarizations. The graphical description can also be used to describe the generation of nonclassical states of light via higherorder effects of the non-linear dielectric polarization such as four-wave mixing and the optical Kerr effect

Optical Absorption Measurement at 1550 nm on a Highly-Reflective Si/SiO2_2 Coating Stack

Future laser-interferometric gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) will potentially employ test mass mirrors from crystalline silicon and a laser wavelength of $1550\,\rm{nm}$, which corresponds to a photon energy below the silicon bandgap. Silicon might also be an attractive high-refractive index material for the dielectric mirror coatings. Films of amorphous silicon (a-Si), however, have been found to be significantly more absorptive at $1550\,\rm{nm}$ than crystalline silicon (c-Si). Here, we investigate the optical absorption of a Si/SiO$_2$ dielectric coating produced with the ion plating technique. The ion plating technique is distinct from the standard state-of-the-art ion beam sputtering technique since it uses a higher processing temperature of about 250$^\circ$C, higher particle energies, and generally results in higher refractive indices of the deposited films. Our coating stack was fabricated for a reflectivity of $R=99.95\,\%$ for s-polarized light at $1550\,\rm{nm}$ and for an angle of incidence of 44$^\circ$. We used the photothermal self-phase modulation technique to measure the coating absorption in s-polarization and p-polarization. We obtained $\alpha^{\rm coat}_{s}=(1035 \pm 42)\,\rm{ppm}$ and $\alpha^{\rm coat}_{p}=(1428 \pm 97)\,\rm{ppm}$. These results correspond to an absorption coefficient which is lower than literature values for a-Si which vary from $100\,\rm{/cm}$ up to $2000\,\rm{/cm}$. It is, however, still orders of magnitude higher than expected for c-Si and thus still too high for GWD applications

Reduction of Classical Measurement Noise via Quantum-Dense Metrology

Quantum-dense metrology (QDM) constitutes a special case of quantum metrology in which two orthogonal phase space projections of a signal are simultaneously sensed beyond the shot noise limit. Previously it was shown that the additional sensing channel that is provided by QDM contains information that can be used to identify and to discard corrupted segments from the measurement data. Here, we demonstrate a proof-of-principle experiment in which this information is used for improving the sensitivity without discarding any measurement segments. Our measurement reached sub-shot-noise performance although initially strong classical noise polluted the data

High-bandwidth squeezed light at 1550 nm from a compact monolithic PPKTP cavity

We report the generation of squeezed vacuum states of light at 1550 nm with a broadband quantum noise reduction of up to 4.8 dB ranging from 5 MHz to 1.2 GHz sideband frequency. We used a custom-designed 2.6 mm long biconvex periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) crystal. It featured reflectively coated end surfaces, 2.26 GHz of linewidth and generated the squeezing via optical parametric amplification. Two homodyne detectors with different quantum efficiencies and bandwidths were used to characterize the non-classical noise suppression. We measured squeezing values of up to 4.8 dB from 5 to 100 MHz and up to 3 dB from 100 MHz to 1.2 GHz. The squeezed vacuum measurements were limited by detection loss. We propose an improved detection scheme to measure up to 10 dB squeezing over 1 GHz. Our results of GHz bandwidth squeezed light generation provide new prospects for high-speed quantum key distribution.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Negative Wigner function at telecommunication wavelength from homodyne detection

Quantum states of light having a Wigner function with negative values represent a key resource in quantum communication and quantum information processing. Here, we present the generation of such a state at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550nm. The state is generated by means of photon subtraction from a weakly squeezed vacuum state and is heralded by the `click' of a single photon counter. Balanced homodyne detection is applied to reconstruct the Wigner function, also yielding the state's photon number distribution. The heralding photons are frequency up-converted to 532nm to allow for the use of a room-temperature (silicon) avalanche photo diode. The Wigner function reads W(0,0)=-0.063 +/- 0.004 at the origin of phase space, which certifies negativity with more than 15 standard deviations

Neutrino decoupling and the transition to cold dark matter

About 40 years ago, the neutrino was ruled out as the dark matter particle based on several arguments. Here I use the well-established concept of quantum uncertainties of position and momentum to describe the decoupling of neutrinos from the primordial plasma, which took place about half a second after the Big Bang. In this way I show that the main arguments against the neutrino are either wrong or have loopholes, and conclude that the neutrino urgently needs to be reconsidered, not as a 'hot', but as the 'cold' dark matter particle.Comment: Proceedings paper of the invited talk at the 56th Rencontres de Moriond La Thuile, Aosta Valley, Italy, January 30 - February 6, 2022. Full proceedings available at: https://doi.org/10.58027/1e1n-797