The influence of carbonization temperature on the development of carbon membrane with superior CO2/CH4 separation performance Pengaruh suhu karbonisasi kepada pembangunan membran karbon dengan kesan pemisahan gas CO2/CH4 yang cemerlang

In this study, P84-based carbon tubular membranes were fabricated and characterized in terms of their structural morphology and gas permeation properties, by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and pure gas permeation system, respectively. The polymer tubular membranes were then carbonized under nitrogen atmosphere at different carbonization temperatures of 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C, with heating rate of 3°C/min and thermal soak time of 30 minutes. The manipulation of carbonization temperatures was required to see if it could enhance the permeation properties as desired. Pure gas permeation tests were performed using CO2 and CH4 gases. The CO2/CH4 selectivity was found increasing as the carbonization temperature was increased from 600 to 800 °C. The carbon membrane carbonized at 800°C showed the most promising result for CO2/CH4 selectivity, rendering 69.48 and CO2 permeance of 206.1 GPU

Oxygen separation through p84 copolyimide/nanocrystalline cellulose carbon membrane: Impact of heating rates

Separation of oxygen and nitrogen gas was studied by using tubular carbon membranes (TCMs) prepared from polymeric precursors. A coating procedure called dip-coating technique was employed to fabricate the TCMs using P84 copolyimide (PI) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as the main precursor and additive, respectively. Previous study has proved that properties of PI/NCC can be altered by changing the carbonization parameter, i.e. time, temperature, and environment. PI/NCC deposition on the ceramic tubular support was employed to produce diverse TCMs for gas separation via simple carbonization process. In this study, manipulation of heating rate was done to observe the effect of TCMs on gas permeation by setting the heating rate at 1, 3, 5, and 7C min–1. It was proved that heating rate during PI/NCC-based carbon membrane fabrication played a significant role in gas ideal selectivity test. In addition, heating rate at (3C min–1) showed an improvement in the membrane ideal selectivity but a reduction in the permeability

Degradation and stability of polymer: A mini review

Observations of alterations in the structural and chemical properties have been commonly performed to understand the process by which polymers degrade. The validity of each observational procedure depends primarily on the test material and type of degradation. An appropriate method for the characterization of polymers can often be utilized to examine the properties of degradation. The service life of a polymer depends strongly on the conditions to which the material is subjected. On the other hand, the stability of the material, including nanocomposite polymer blends, often dictates its usefulness. Thus, this review was aimed to evaluate the degradation of nanocomposite polymer blends, with specific focus on the role of the fillers and the composition of the blends. The factors that could significantly affect the degradation of the same were the presence of a filler, as well as the morphology and composition of the blends

A short review on polymeric materials concerning degradable polymers

The demand for cutting-edge functional materials has been increasing since the decade. Polymeric materials usage in the past decade contributes to its commercial accomplishment, thus encouraging more groundbreaking research-based activities. Although this news is promising for polymer-related industries, the fast consumption rate of these materials throughout the world will seriously harm the environment through the accumulation of waste materials sourced primarily from by-products, faulty products or municipal from various agricultural farms and industries with disposal difficulties. Wide usage of polymeric materials is due to their ease of processing, light weight and relatively low manufacturing cost. Various advancements were made over the years in developing polymeric materials of high performance. Structure and ionic bonds of polymeric and biomaterials are the reason behind their physical and chemical properties. However, their usage is limited due to expensive manufacturing cost and difficulty in shaping and processing them

PI/NCC carbon membrane: effect of additives loading towards hydrogen separation

Incorporating thermally labile polymer-based additives is a facile and practical approach in developing superior carbon membranes. In this study, three different thermally labile polymers, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), were introduced separately to P84-copolyimide (PI) solution as additive and their impact on membrane performance were investigated. Firstly, NCC was added as the membrane pore former for hydrogen gas (H2) separation. The addition of NCC significantly increased pore channels in the membrane, hence contributed to high gas permeance and selectivity. The tests involving pure H2 and N2 permeation were carried out at room temperature. Carbon membranes carbonized at a final temperature of 800°C with the heating rate of 3°C/min under Ar flow achieved the greatest H2/N2 selectivity of 434.68±1.39, hence proving the potential of NCC as a good additive

Incorporation of thermally labile additives in carbon membrane development for superior gas permeation performance

Incorporating thermally labile polymer additives into carbon membrane development is highly practical due to its process simplicity and effective approach. In this study, different polymer composition of thermally labile additives such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were introduced into the BTDA-TDI/MDI (P84-copolyimide) polymer solution. The P84-copolyimide based carbon tubular membranes were fabricated using dip-coating method and characterized in terms of its thermal stability, structural morphology and gas permeation properties. Initially, the NCC was introduced as a pore performing agent in the carbon membrane fabrication for carbon dioxide (CO2) separation. Our finding indicated that the use of NCC as pore performing agent significantly promoted an increment of pore structure channel in carbon membrane. As a result, the high permeance as well as high selectivity was demonstrated in this study. Pure gas permeation tests were performed using CO2, CH4, O2 and N2 at room temperature. The increment of both gas permeance and selectivity were observed in the NCC-containing carbon membranes prepared with a composition of 7 wt%. The promising CO2/CH4 selectivity of 68.23 ± 3.27, CO2/N2 selectivity of 66.32 ± 2.18 and O2/N2 selectivity of 9.29 ± 2.54 with respect to neat carbon membrane were presented. Thus, upon further investigation, the potential of NCC as thermally labile additive in carbon membrane was assured

Degradation and stability of polymer: A brief review

Observations of alterations in the structural and chemical properties have been commonly performed to understand the process by which polymers degrade. The validity of each observational procedure depends primarily on the test material and type of degradation. An appropriate method for the characterization of polymers can often be utilized to examine the properties of degradation. The service life of a polymer depends strongly on the conditions to which the material is subjected. On the other hand, the stability of the material, including nanocomposite polymer blends, often dictates its usefulness. Thus, this review was aimed to evaluate the degradation of nanocomposite polymer blends, with specific focus on the role of the fillers and the composition of the blends. The factors that could significantly affect the degradation of the same were the presence of a filler, as well as the morphology and composition of the blends

Carbon tubular membranes from nanocrystalline cellulose blended with P84 co-polyimide for H2 and He separation

In this study, carbon tubular membranes were produced by employing P84 co-polyimide as a precursor material and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as an additive. The synthesized NCC which was derived from recycled newspaper was used as a pore forming agent for the membrane. Various carbonization temperatures (600, 700, 800, and 900 °C) were used while the stabilization temperature was kept at 300 °C. The measurements of pure gases’ (He, H2, and N2) permeance through all carbon tubular membranes produced were carried out at feed pressure of 8 bars. The results showed that higher carbonization temperatures resulted in more selective but less productive carbon membranes. The outcome of this study suggested that carbon tubular membrane fabricated from NCC blending with P84 co-polyimide as a promising candidate for H2 and He recovery application with H2/N2 and He/N2 selectivity of 434.68 ± 1.39 and 463.86 ± 8.12, respectively

Polymeric Membrane for CO2/CH4 Separation

This chapter presents a critical overview of polymeric membrane applications for CO2/CH4 separation. Comparative summary of availability and practice of different gas separation methods are outlined to give a state-of-the-art view of this technology. Detailed discussions on polymer-based membranes are also discussed in this work, highlighting the mechanism of selective gas permeation through the membranes. Future direction is discussed for possible new experimental design to maximize the membrane performances in separation of CO2/CH4