Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Computed tomography during initial management and mortality among hemodynamically unstable blunt trauma patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

The distribution of propensity scores of the CT group and No CT group. The sufficient overlap in propensity scores indicates that there were no significant differences between the two groups. (TIF 7131 kb

Mitochondrial membrane potential and UCP-3 mRNA levels in C2C12 Myotubes.

Representative images of JC-1-stained myotubes from C2C12 cells for the Non-EMF (A to C) and EMF (D to F) groups. The images show the expression of JC-1 monomers (green) (A and D), J-aggregates (red) (B and E), and for the images merged (C and F). The histograms show quantification of J-aggregates/JC-1 monomers (G) UCP-3/β-2 microglobulin mRNA expression (H). Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Abbreviations: Non-EMF, C2C12 with no alternating current electromagnetic field exposure; EMF, C2C12 exposed to an alternating current electromagnetic field. * P .05 vs. Non-EMF.</p

Oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test.

Average values for the oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) (A) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) (C) for the ND, ND+EMF, HFD, and HFD+EMF groups. Quantification of the area under the curve (AUC) for the OGTT (B) and ITT (D). Values are expressed as mean ± SD. * P .05 vs. control animals fed the same diet. # P .05 vs. animals fed the normal diet. Abbreviations: ND, mice fed a normal diet with no exposure; ND+EMF, mice fed a normal diet with exposure to an alternating current electromagnetic field; HFD, mice fed a high-fat diet with no exposure; HF+EMF, mice fed a high-fat diet with exposure to an alternating current electromagnetic field.</p

Levels of phosphorylated AMPK, UCP-3, and CPT-1b in the tibial anterior muscles.

The bands are arranged in order from top to bottom: phospho-AMPK, AMPK, CPT-1, and UCP-3 (A). Phospho-AMPK/AMPK (B), CPT-1b (C), and UCP-3 (D) protein expression levels in the tibialis anterior muscles are shown. Band images are representative of western blots, and the histograms show the quantification of the band densities (D). Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Abbreviations are the same as in Fig 2. * P .05 vs. control animals fed the same diet. # P .05 vs. animals fed the normal diet.</p

S1 File -

Long-term high-fat feeding results in intramyocellular lipid accumulation, leading to insulin resistance. Intramyocellular lipid accumulation is related to an energy imbalance between excess fat intake and fatty acid consumption. Alternating current electromagnetic field exposure has been shown to enhance mitochondrial metabolism in the liver and sperm. Therefore, we hypothesized that alternating current electromagnetic field exposure would ameliorate high-fat diet-induced intramyocellular lipid accumulation via activation of fatty acid consumption. C57BL/6J mice were either fed a normal diet (ND), a normal diet and exposed to an alternating current electromagnetic field (ND+EMF), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a high-fat diet and exposed to an alternating current electromagnetic field (HFD+EMF). Electromagnetic field exposure was administered 8 hrs/day for 16 weeks using an alternating current electromagnetic field device (max.180 mT, Hokoen, Utatsu, Japan). Tibialis anterior muscles were collected for measurement of intramyocellular lipids, AMPK phosphorylation, FAT/CD-36, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1b protein expression levels. Intramyocellular lipid levels were lower in the HFD + EMF than in the HFD group. The levels of AMPK phosphorylation, FAT/CD-36, and CPT-1b protein levels were higher in the HFD + EMF than in the HFD group. These results indicate that alternating current electromagnetic field exposure decreases intramyocellular lipid accumulation via increased fat consumption.</div

Illustration of the alternating current electromagnetic field exposure.

An alternating current electromagnetic field was exposed from the bottom of the cages housing the mice for 8 hrs per day (during the dark period). The dotted line represents the image of alternating current electromagnetic field exposure (A). An alternating current electromagnetic field was exposed from the bottom of the dish containing C2C12 myotubes once for 60 min. The dotted line represents the image of alternating current electromagnetic field exposure (B).</p

Intramyocellular lipid accumulation in the tibialis anterior muscles.

Representative images of Oil Red O-stained cross-sections of the tibialis anterior muscles for the ND (A), ND+EMF (B), HFD (C), and HFD+EMF groups (D). The histograms (E) show quantification as a percentage of the area occupied by Oil Red O-stained droplets (total area occupied by lipid droplets of a muscle fiber × 100/total cross-sectional area of the fiber). Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Abbreviations are the same as in Fig 2. * P .05 vs. control animals fed the same diet. # P .05 vs. animals fed the normal diet.</p

Calorie intake, body mass, fat mass, tibialis anterior absolute and relative muscle mass, and fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acid levels.

Calorie intake, body mass, fat mass, tibialis anterior absolute and relative muscle mass, and fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acid levels.</p

Mitochondrial enzyme activity in the tibialis anterior muscles.

Representative images of SDH-stained cross-sections of the tibialis anterior muscles for the ND (A), ND+EMF (B), HFD (C), and HFD+EMF groups (D). The histograms for SDH activity show quantification of the staining concentration (E). The histograms for CS activity show quantification of activity intensity (F). Values are expressed as mean ± SD. Abbreviations are the same as in Fig 2. * P .05 vs. control animals fed the same diet. # P .05 vs. animals fed the normal diet.</p

Raw images of western blots for Figs 5 and 6.

Long-term high-fat feeding results in intramyocellular lipid accumulation, leading to insulin resistance. Intramyocellular lipid accumulation is related to an energy imbalance between excess fat intake and fatty acid consumption. Alternating current electromagnetic field exposure has been shown to enhance mitochondrial metabolism in the liver and sperm. Therefore, we hypothesized that alternating current electromagnetic field exposure would ameliorate high-fat diet-induced intramyocellular lipid accumulation via activation of fatty acid consumption. C57BL/6J mice were either fed a normal diet (ND), a normal diet and exposed to an alternating current electromagnetic field (ND+EMF), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a high-fat diet and exposed to an alternating current electromagnetic field (HFD+EMF). Electromagnetic field exposure was administered 8 hrs/day for 16 weeks using an alternating current electromagnetic field device (max.180 mT, Hokoen, Utatsu, Japan). Tibialis anterior muscles were collected for measurement of intramyocellular lipids, AMPK phosphorylation, FAT/CD-36, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1b protein expression levels. Intramyocellular lipid levels were lower in the HFD + EMF than in the HFD group. The levels of AMPK phosphorylation, FAT/CD-36, and CPT-1b protein levels were higher in the HFD + EMF than in the HFD group. These results indicate that alternating current electromagnetic field exposure decreases intramyocellular lipid accumulation via increased fat consumption.</div