PENGEMBANGAN MODUL PENGGUNAAN MASTERCAM SEBAGAI MEDIA SIMULATOR PADA MATA PELAJARAN MEMPROGRAM MESIN NC/CNC DI SMK NEGERI 2 KLATEN

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran dalam bentuk prototype modul penggunaan Mastercam sebagai media simulator pada mata pelajaran memprogram mesin NC/CNC, untuk meningkatkan keterampilan belajar siswa di SMK Negeri 2 Klaten, serta untuk mengetahui kelayakan modul Mastercam sebagai media simulator pada mata pelajaran praktik CNC di SMK Negeri 2 Klaten. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian pengembangan (research and development). Waktu pelaksanaan penelitian dimulai tanggal 03 Juli 2009 hingga 28 Januari 2012 (selama 3 tahun), yang dilaksanakan di SMK Negeri 2 Klaten. Objek penelitian ini berupa pengembangan modul simulator Mastercam yang meliputi materi dasar-dasar penggunaan Mastercam, dan komponen-komponen penggunaan mesin CNC. Tahapan yang digunakan dalam penelitian pengembangan ini meliputi: (1) tahap studi pendahuluan (2) tahap pengembangan produk awal (3) tahap validasi produk (4) tahap uji coba terbatas I (5) tahap revisi I (6) tahap uji coba terbatas II (7) tahap revisi II (8) tahap uji coba III (9) revisi (10) produk akhir. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode angket sedangkan analisa data menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif kuantitatif persentase yang diterjemahkan dalam distribusi skor dan dipersentase terhadap kategori skala kelayakan yang telah ditentukan. Berdasarkan uji kelayakan modul simulator Mastercam yang dikembangkan, menurut ahli media pembelajaran memperoleh kelayakan 95%; menurut ahli materi pihak dosen memperoleh kelayakan 93,33%, sedangkan menurut ahli materi pihak guru mendapat 93,33%; dari uji coba produk awal mendapat kelayakan 65,62%; dari uji coba terbatas I mendapat kelayakan 83,33%; dari uji coba terbatas II mendapat kelayakan 71,04%; sedangkan uji coba terbatas III mendapat kelayakan 75,30%. Berdasarkan persentase kelayakan yang didapat dari uji ahli, rekan sejawat dan siswa SMK Negeri 2 Klaten sebagai pengguna membuktikan bahwa modul simulator Mastercam yang dikembangkan layak untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran praktik CNC di SMK Negeri 2 Klaten

Turkish Performance in Exporting Manufactures: A Comparative Structural Analysis

This paper considers the prospects for Turkish manufactured exports, now dominated by simple labour-intensive products. The importance to Turkey of diversifying its export base has risen with its EU free trade agreement, where it has advantages in labour-intensive exports but where special preferences will vanish soon. As a high wage economy, Turkey has to compete with low-wage countries in simple, low technology products. As a technologically lagging economy, it has to compete against high technology European firms. Both are difficult, as there remain important structural deficiencies in Turkish competitiveness. Strategic implications are drawn in the conclusions.

REINVENTING INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT POLICY IN BUILDING INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS

As liberalization and globalization gather pace, some developing countries cope well but the majority do not. Diverging industrial competitiveness is one of the causes of the growing disparities in income: the potential that globalization offers for industrial growth is being tapped by a relatively small number of countries, while liberalization is driving the wedge between them and laggards deeper. This paper examines two approaches to this problem: neoliberal and structuralist. The neoliberal approach is that the best strategy for all countries and in all situations is to liberalize. Integration into the international economy, with resource allocation driven by free markets, will let them realise their .natural. comparative advantage, optimize dynamic advantage and yield the maximum attainable growth. No government intervention can improve upon this but will only reduce welfare. The structuralist approach puts less faith in free markets and more in the ability of governments to mount interventions effectively. It questions the theoretical and empirical basis for the argument that untrammelled market forces account for the industrial success of the East Asian Tigers (or the presently rich countries). Accepting the mistakes of past strategies and the need for greater openness, it argues that greater reliance on markets also needs a more proactive role for the government. The paper reviews the nature of current globalization and evidence on the growing divergence in competitive performance in the developing world. It goes on to consider the case for industrial policy, arguing that interventions are necessary to overcome market failures in building the capabilities required for industrial development. The approach adopted draws on evolutionary theories of technical change as applied to development in the technological capability approach. The paper then describes the strategies adopted by the Asian Tigers to build industrial competitiveness, pointing out the pervasiveness of selective interventions and significant strategic differences between them. The paper concludes with lessons for other developing countries: the kinds of industrial policy needed in the current international setting are clearly different from the traditional forms of inward-looking industrialisation strategies of the early post-war era, but globalization and technical change do not eliminate the need for intervention. On the contrary, given path dependence, cumulativeness and agglomeration economies, they increase the need. There is therefore a compelling need to reconsider the rules of the game constraining the exercise of industrial policy, and for international assistance in designing and implementing appropriate policies.

Measuring and Analyzing Poverty

This paper makes an assessment of Nepalese poverty situation during 1977 - 1997 using a comparative static approach. Income and human poverty indices have been estimated using World Bank and UNDP methods, respectively. Moreover, it also makes exploratory analysis to study the causes and nature of Nepalese poverty. It concludes that Nepalese income poverty was drastically reduced during the period 1976/77 - 1984/85, but increased afterwards. However, human poverty has reduced in sustenance during the whole period. Poverty in Nepal is more pervasive, deep and uneven as compared to the rest of the South Asia. Comparing the income and human poverty indices, we conclude that income poverty is volatile as compared to the human poverty. Poverty in Nepal has some economic, demographic, and political origins; and more remote and occupational caste people are poorer as compared to the restincome and wealth distribution; inequality; basic needs; measurement and analysis of poverty; Nepal and South Asia

Selective Industrial and Trade Policies in Developing Countries: Theoretical and Empirical Issues

This paper analyses the case for selective industrial and trade policies in Africa, drawing upon the lessons of East Asia. It reviews the theoretical arguments for government intervention in the context of technological learning, and relates this to the new environment of rapid technical change and globalisation of production. It also considers the risks of government failure in mounting selective policies, and concludes that the degree of selectivity has to be much less than in East Asia. The case for selective policies nevertheless remains strong, if Africa is to make any industrial progress.

National strategies for technology adoption in the industrial sector: Lessons of recent experience in the developing regions

human development, technology

Implications Of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions By TNCs in Developing Countries: A Beginner's Guide

International mergers and acquisitions have become the preferred mode of overseas investment by multinational companies, accounting for the bulk of FDI in the developed world and for increasing shares in the developing world. However, many governments express concern about this mode of MNC entry, preferring 'greenfield' investments to the takeover of national firms. This paper provides an overview of the main economic costs and benefits that may be involved and argues that M&As do have costs but these may be over-stated.

Social Capital and Industrial Transformation

This paper is an exploration of the social capital needs of industrial development. 'Social capital' attracts considerable attention in socio-political analysis and we are beginning to see its application to development economics. There has not, as far as I know, been any attempt to apply it to the determinants of successful industrialisation in the developing world. This essay is a preliminary sketch of the concepts rather than a report on research findings or a complete analysis with specific policy recommendations. Nevertheless, it illustrates the value and significance of bringing social capital concepts to bear on specific aspects of development

Industrial Success And Failure In A Globalizing World

Globalization is a pervasive influence on industrialization in the developing world. As the embodiment of technological progress and more open markets, it offers huge productive benefits to developing countries. However, its effects are very uneven. It is driving a growing wedge between the (relatively few) successful countries and the (large mass of) others. The wedge is not a temporary one, a 'J-curve' that will reverse itself if countries persist with liberalization. It reflects underlying structural factors that are very difficult to alter in the short to medium term. Because of cumulativeness in these structural factors, divergences are likely to carry on growing unless measures are undertaken to reverse them. Development policy has to address these growing structural gaps and to reverse or relax the stringent rules of the game that constrain the use of (previously successful) industrial policy. Such successful industrial policies have taken many different forms and countries have to choose combinations that suit the demands of current globalization.

Antibiotic resistance: how did we get here and what can we do?

Executive summary Does antibiotic resistance exist? Yes. It is a worsening phenomenon seen all over the world, including Australia. What are the implications of antibiotic resistance? Infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria is associated with longer length of stay in hospitals and higher death rates. This amounts to significant financial costs; the European Union, for example, spends €1.5 billion annually on antibiotic-resistant infections. Significant indirect costs can also arise from antibiotic-resistant infections when they adversely affect other areas of medicine, for example, transplant medicine, surgery and chemotherapy. How did we get here? Antibiotic resistance has many causes but the most important ones include: excessive and inappropriate antibiotic use among humans and animals (including ‘over-the-counter’ antibiotic use), global trade, global travel, medical tourism, environmental contamination with antibiotics, and a decline in new antibiotic development. What can we do? Because there are multiple causes, a multi-pronged solution is required. The ‘EVADES BUGS’ strategy seeks to address the core problems: Education, Vaccine development, Animal health, Diagnostics, Environmental controls, Surveillance, Better antibiotics, Universal infection control and hand hygiene, Government and political will, Stewardship of antibiotics in hospitals. Many superbugs arrive here from overseas as a consequence of global trade and global travel. As a result, Australia must play a global role in addressing the issue as well as a local one. Implementing the EVADES BUGS strategy would require activity across portfolios (for example, Health, Trade, Agriculture, Environment, Tourism, Customs). Therefore, it is worth considering the establishment of a single coordinating body, such as an Australian Centre for Disease Control, to take responsibility for the strategy as part of a broader focus on monitoring and responding to communicable diseases