Sexual Behavior in the Last Two Weeks at Baseline and Follow-Up.

<p>Table 2 displays medians with interquartile ranges for the number of sexual partners, number of sexual acts, and proportion of persons reporting any unprotected sex in the last two weeks at each time point. Wilcoxon rank sum exact tests were used to compare the differences between arms. Wilcoxon signed rank exact tests were used to compare the differences over time.</p><p>Sexual Behavior in the Last Two Weeks at Baseline and Follow-Up.</p

Characteristics of Participants' Sexual Partners at Baseline and Post-Intervention.

<p>At each time point, participants were asked about characteristics of their partners. Partner characteristics are presented in this table. At most time points some participants did not report any partners. For this reason, the number of participants declines after baseline. Some participants report more than one partner. For this reason the number of partners exceeds the number of participants at most time points.</p><p>Characteristics of Participants' Sexual Partners at Baseline and Post-Intervention.</p

Study Flow for HPTN 062, Lilongwe, Malawi.

<p>Study Flow for HPTN 062, Lilongwe, Malawi.</p

Characteristics of Study Participants at Baseline in HPTN 062

<p>All sex acts are vaginal sex acts. No anal sex was reported over the duration of the study.</p><p>*Missing data</p><p>Characteristics of Study Participants at Baseline in HPTN 062</p

Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection and Demographic Characteristics of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.

<p>The table shows the demographic characteristics of HIV-uninfected participants from Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY whose plasma samples were screened for antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Fisher’s exact, chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyze the association between these characteristics and ARV drug detection. P values <0.05 are bolded. Baseline characteristics are defined as follows: HS grad: high school graduation; sep: separated; div: divorced; cohabitating: not married but living with partner; income: annual household income; food insecurity: concerned about having sufficient food for self and family. Abbreviations: ARV: antiretroviral; IQR: interquartile range.</p><p>Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection and Demographic Characteristics of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.</p

Antiretroviral Drugs Detected in Plasma Samples Collected at the Last Study Visit.

<p>The table shows the patterns of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs detected in plasma samples from HIV-uninfected participants enrolled in the HPTN 064 study. Samples were screened for the presence of five nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and nine protease inhibitors. ARV drugs were detected in samples from participants enrolled at two of ten study communities, Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY. Abbreviations: ARV, antiretroviral; EFV, efavirenz; NFV, nelfinavir; IDV, indinavir; SQV, saquinavir; TPV, tipranavir; ATV, atazanavir.</p><p>Antiretroviral Drugs Detected in Plasma Samples Collected at the Last Study Visit.</p

Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection with Behavioral Characteristics of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.

<p>The table shows characteristics of HIV-uninfected participants who were enrolled in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY (limited to participants whose samples were screened for ARV drugs in this study). Study participants were asked to self-report characteristics within six months of enrollment, unless otherwise specified. Fisher’s exact, chi-square, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyze the association between these characteristics and ARV drug detection. P values <0.05 are bolded. Baseline characteristics are defined as follows: Unknown HIV status of last partner: unknown HIV status of man with whom had last vaginal sex; Condom use (vaginal): Condom used with last vaginal sex; Condom use (anal): Condom used with last anal sex; Concurrency: self-report of sex with a man while involved in a sexual relationship with another man during the same period; Self-reported STI: Self-reported sexually-transmitted infection, including gonorrhea, syphilis, or chlamydia infection; Substance use: At least weekly substance use (including drug use or binge-drinking [≥4 drinks on 1 occasion]); Binge drinking: At least weekly binge-drinking (≥4 drinks on 1 occasion); Drug use: At least weekly drug use (excluding cannabis); Depressive symptoms: score ≥7 using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Abbreviations: ARV: antiretroviral; IQR: interquartile range.</p><p>^aSome participants did not respond to all of the questions asked. In these cases, the percentage was calculated among all of the respondents.</p><p>^bThis percentage was calculated among participants who reported ever having anal sex.</p><p>Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection with Behavioral Characteristics of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.</p

Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection with Behavioral Characteristics of Partners of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.

<p>The table shows characteristics of partners of HIV-uninfected participants who were enrolled in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY (limited to participants whose samples were screened for ARV drugs in this study). Study participants were asked to self-report characteristics of partners within six months of enrollment, unless otherwise specified. Fisher’s exact, chi-square, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to analyze the association between these characteristics and ARV drug detection. P values <0.05 are bolded. Baseline characteristics are defined as follows: Reported STI: Reported partner sexually-transmitted infection, including gonorrhea, syphilis, or chlamydia infection; Substance use: At least weekly substance use (including drug use or binge-drinking [≥4 drinks on 1 occasion]); Binge drinking: ≥5 drinks on 1 occasion; Alcohol dependence: Cut Down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye Opener (CAGE) score ≥2; Incarceration: incarcerated during the past 5 years. Abbreviations: ARV: antiretroviral.</p><p>Association of Antiretroviral Drug Detection with Behavioral Characteristics of Partners of HIV-uninfected Study Participants in Baltimore, MD and Bronx, NY.</p

Virologic outcomes in early antiretroviral treatment: HPTN 052

<p><b>Introduction:</b> The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial demonstrated that early antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevented 93% of HIV transmission events in serodiscordant couples. Some linked infections were observed shortly after ART initiation or after virologic failure.</p> <p><b>Objective:</b> To evaluate factors associated with time to viral suppression and virologic failure in participants who initiated ART in HPTN 052.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> 1566 participants who had a viral load (VL) > 400 copies/mL at enrollment were included in the analyses. This included 832 in the early ART arm (CD4 350–550 cells/mm³ at ART initiation) and 734 in the delayed ART arm (204 with a CD4 < 250 cells/mm³ at ART initiation; 530 with any CD4 at ART initiation). Viral suppression was defined as two consecutive VLs ≤ 400 copies/mL after ART initiation; virologic failure was defined as two consecutive VLs > 1000 copies/mL > 24 weeks after ART initiation.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Overall, 93% of participants achieved viral suppression by 12 months. The annual incidence of virologic failure was 3.6%. Virologic outcomes were similar in the two study arms. Longer time to viral suppression was associated with younger age, higher VL at ART initiation, and region (Africa vs. Asia). Virologic failure was strongly associated with younger age, lower educational level, and lack of suppression by three months; lower VL and higher CD4 at ART initiation were also associated with virologic failure.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Several clinical and demographic factors were identified that were associated with longer time to viral suppression and virologic failure. Recognition of these factors may help optimize ART for HIV treatment and prevention.</p