36 research outputs found
Pastoral mobility in a variable and spatially constrained South African environment
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.This thesis sets out to establish how extensive pastoral systems have changed and investigated the role of the key legislative and policy influences on these changes. It examined the current key drivers of pastoral mobility and analysed the different movement patterns and their spatial extent within a spatially constrained environment. This thesis also investigated the role of vegetation type and condition in the distribution of grazing pressure and further discussed the implications of using variable stocking rates in a spatially constrained pastoral system
Nitrogen fertilization increases the growth and nutritional quality of the forage legume, Calobota sericea â A preliminary investigation
Calobota sericea is being evaluated as a forage for drought stressed areas. The nutritional quality
of C. sericea from native populations are poor, and this is believed to be due to poor soil fertility.
Therefore, a greenhouse trial was established to determine the impact of N-fertilization level (0,
25, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) on the growth and nutritional quality of C. sericea plants. Three-monthold plants were harvested and the root and shoot length, as well as branching intensity on each
plant determined. Thereafter, the shoots were separated into leaves and stems and all plant parts
were oven dried for dry mass determination. After weighing, the leaves and stems for each plant
were combined and the dried shoots used for nutrient determination. Results indicated that
increased N application levels is positively correlated with improved C. sericea growth. Similarly,
mineral nutrient uptake increased significantly under all the N-fertilization treatments and crude
protein content increased from 9.6% to 18.6%. Plant growth was only statistically significantly (p
< 0.05) improved when N was applied at rates of 50 kg/ha and more, but crude protein content
increased from the lowest N application rates (25 kg/ha). The improved growth and nutrient
uptake could primarily be explained by improved resource allocation under N-fertilization.
Therefore, appropriately fertilized C. sericea can result in improved forage production and
improved quality forages and when N is applied at high enough rates
Does the landscape functionality approach provide insight into rangeland conditions in the Tanqua Karoo region, South Africa?
The harsh environmental conditions coupled with a long history of overgrazing have
altered the ecology of the arid Tanqua Karoo rangelands in South Africa, which
necessitates rehabilitation. However, a suitable method for monitoring rangeland
function over time is required for sustainable management. In this study, vegetation
characteristics and landscape function indices were used to rate and compare
rangeland conditions in 43 sites distributed among three vegetation types: Tanqua
Karoo, Tanqua Wash Riviere, and Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland, which occupy
different landscapes in the Tankwa Karoo National Park. The results showed low
values of vegetation volume (mean of 10.1 m3 per 100 mâ2
) and low vegetated
patches (mean of 29% patches vs 71% fetches). The overall landscape function indices
(soil stability, water infiltration, and nutrient recycling) were low and amounted to
55%, 28%, and 17%, respectively
Implications of the breakdown in the indigenous knowledge system for rangeland management and policy: A case study from the Eastern Cape in South Africa
Communal rangelands in South Africa are generally perceived as overgrazed owing to complexities in their histories and collective utilisation which often leads to improper management. A suitable solution has not been found in land management policies because local peopleâs contexts and their indigenous knowledge are ignored. Hence, this paper is aimed at (i) assessing the role indigenous knowledge can play in communal rangeland management, (ii) exploring working solutions to incorporate indigenous knowledge into effective communal rangeland management and land use policies, (iii) assessing mechanisms for generational transfer of indigenous knowledge. Findings from the Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) and Focus Group Discussion, conducted with Cata and Guquka villages in the Eastern Cape province were synthesised. This revealed that communal farmers have in-depth knowledge of their communal land, past and present rangeland management strategies and changes in rangeland condition. However, there is breakdown in the indigenous knowledge system whereby this knowledge is not being transferred and translated into good rangeland management practice, owing to the ageing population of communal farmers, limited youth involvement in livestock farming and limited access to extension services. This suggests a need for new policy approaches that would include participation of local people in policy planning and development
Nitrogen fertilization increases the growth and nutritional quality of the forage legume, calobota sericea â A preliminary investigation
Calobota sericea is being evaluated as a forage for drought stressed areas. The nutritional quality of C. sericea from native populations are poor, and this is believed to be due to poor soil fertility. Therefore, a greenhouse trial was established to determine the impact of N-fertilization level (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) on the growth and nutritional quality of C. sericea plants. Three-month-old plants were harvested and the root and shoot length, as well as branching intensity on each plant determined. Thereafter, the shoots were separated into leaves and stems and all plant parts were oven dried for dry mass determination. After weighing, the leaves and stems for each plant were combined and the dried shoots used for nutrient determination
African rangelands and pastoralism in a changing continent: Perspectives and opportunities
Eighty-five years ago, Africa was described as a land of promise because it provided an immense opportunity for maximum return in the minimum time (Olaniyan 2000). It was treated this way because it was considered more for its deposits of natural wealth and less for its potential for settlement or as a destination market for goods and services produced in Europe and elsewhere (Le Clair 1937). For over 50 years, this narrative held ground but in the last 20 years, perception has shifted with Africa becoming a destination market and a growth opportunity creator, whilst holding ground as a resource provider (Sy 2016)
Transhumance pastoralism in West Africa â its importance, policies and challenges
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) recognises transhumance pastoralism as a beneficial livestock production system that can contribute to food security together with economic and political stability. Thus, the subregional bloc put together the ECOWAS Protocol on Transhumance and supporting regulations to actualise these benefits. These policies seek to regulate transhumance pastoralism by ensuring that herd movements are along defined migratory corridors among member states. This review assesses the importance of transhumance pastoralism in West Africa, local and cross-border policies, and associated challenges, with emphasis on herderâfarmer conflicts. It was realised that the movement of large numbers of livestock into rangelands (1) provides employment for many, and thus improves livelihoods; (2) improves productivity through high milk production and high fertility; (3) reduces moribund and combustible forage materials in the dry season; and (4) enhances seed dispersal, soil fertility and plant diversity on rangelands. This review shows that the ECOWAS cross-border transhumance protocols have led to infrastructural developments in some member states, but the partial enforcement of protocols has led to herderâfarmer conflicts. We conclude that transhumance pastoralism and the regulatory policies have several benefits. However, to ensure policy compliance and avoid herderâfarmer conflicts, the policies need to be reviewed and discernible gaps eliminated
Nutritional quality of Calobota sericea fodders. A preliminary assessment
This study aimed to provide preliminary information regarding the nutritional quality of Calobota sericea, a
preferred perennial legume forage species from the water-limited rangelands of South Africa. Calobota sericea plant
samples were collected from the Namaqualand rangelands in the wet and dry season and analysed for secondary
compounds, fibre, protein and mineral nutrient content. The results from the fibre analyses were used to determine
the digestibility and energy content of fodders. Preliminary results indicate that C. sericea fodders are of better
nutritional quality in the wet season and that protein content, digestibility and energy content is sufficient for
maintenance of lambs and dry ewes. The energy content, however, was not sufficient for maintenance of pregnant
and lactating ewes. Furthermore, certain mineral nutrients (Na, P and K) were not found in sufficient concentrations
in this species, and it was thus suggested that further investigation is needed into whether fertilisation could
potentially improve the protein, digestibility and mineral nutrient content of C. sericea fodders
Assessment of leopard translocations in South Africa
Translocations are commonly employed to mitigate humanâcarnivore conflict but rarely evaluated, resulting in conflicting reports of success, particularly for leopards (Panthera pardus). We evaluate the status of available leopard translocation data, the factors driving the intentional removal of leopards, and the potential causal factors associated with successful and failed translocation events. We obtained data on 60 leopard translocation events across five provinces in South Africa between 1994 and 2021. We considered a successful translocation outcome when (1) the animal was moved outside of its original home range, (2) the animal established a new home range away from the capture site, (3) no substantive livestock losses were linked to the translocated animal in the post-release monitoring period, and (4) the animal survived at least 6 months post-translocation. If mortality occurred due to factors that were equally likely to impact resident individuals and were unrelated to the translocation event (e.g., poaching), the event was not considered a failed effort. Most translocations were the result of humanâcarnivore conflict (HCC; 82%, n = 49), stressing the high prevalence of HCC and the importance of advocating preventative conflict mitigation efforts to conserve leopards. The leopards were moved distances from 2.5 to 196.3 km (63.3 ± 51.7km). Forty (67%) translocation events had unknown outcomes, indicating the limited data available on translocation outcomes. This also indicates the disparity in the objectives of translocations by various entities involved with translocations and suggests that monitoring be a prerequisite for future translocations. Twenty events offered reliable outcomes by means of post-event monitoring, with seven (12%) considered successful, with three (5%) as failures, and with four (7%) not moved beyond their original home ranges, while six (8%) ended in unrelated deaths. The failed events were attributed to inter/intra-specific competition, and one animal returned to its original home range after a translocation distance of 68 km. Translocation success was strongly explained by translocation distance. We found that damage-causing leopards were successfully translocated under specific conditions, and longer translocation distances increase success. Translocations are commonly employed but are still poorly monitored. We discuss basic standardized protocols to improve future leopard translocations (including pre- and post-monitoring) while advocating alternative non-lethal practices to reduce the prevalence of humanâcarnivore conflict