Spillover effects of FDI on employment levels of the service sector in Iran

In this study one of the most important effects on the economic globalisation process which is the inflow of foreign direct investment is analysed on the employment position of the sub-sector of the service sector in Iran. For this purpose the impact of the gap between labor productivity in service sector of Iran and developed countries on the ratio of the skilled over unskilled labor while the multinational corporation are entering to the economy are studied by using a panel data during the period of 1997-2004. The findings indicate that when the multinational corporations are entering to the economy the active companies in various field of service sector can employ skilled labor which lead to greater labor productivity and in turn the domestic companies can compete better with the foreign companies (spillover effect). Of course, the rental-properties and other business activities are in first rank in employing the skilled labor and improving the ratio of skilled over unskilled labor

Potentials of employment in Iran Hotel and Restaurant sector

This paper indicated some characteristics of employment in Iran hotel and restaurant sector, such as high ratio of unskilled labor, women labor young employment, and part time work. Other aim of this paper comparison employment in this sector between Iran and other countries. Mythologies: used estimation of labor demand functions for skill and unskilled. Result shows that are elasticity of wages, Capital endowment and production it labor demand function for skill gather than unskilled

The effect of some components of government expenditure on the economic growth Iran

Identifying the type of relationship between the level of government intervention in the economy and economic growth has always been one of the issues discussed in the field of public sector economics. The most important instrument of the government's intervention in the economy is the expenditure it spends, so that the amount of government expenditures and how it is allocated to different sectors often affects economic variables. In this research, the impact of government expenditure components, which include education, health and military expenditure, along with investment variables and employment rate, on Iran's economic growth during the period of 1350 to 1398 has been investigated. Based on the results of the smooth nonlinear transfer regression model, the nonlinear and threshold relationship in the model was confirmed and the results showed that in the first regime, the effect of health expenditure growth on economic growth was positive and the effect of military and educational expenditure growth was negative. In the second regime, the impact of the growth of health expenditures was negative and the impact of the growth of education and investment expenditures was also positive

The Impact of Social Security Expenditures on Convergence of Income Distribution in Provinces: A Spatial Econometric Approach

Income inequality is an important obstacle to the growth and expansion of social welfare. Developed societies use various tools to overcome this problem. The social security system is one of the most well-known of these tools. In this study, the effect of social security costs on the convergence of income distribution in the provinces of the country in the period 1397-1387 has been investigated. In this research, the subject has been studied through spatial methodology. The results showed that the long-term costs of social security have a significant negative effect on the convergence of income distribution in the provinces, but short-term costs have no effect. Absolute and conditional convergence coefficient shows that the provinces of the country converge to a level of income distribution in the long run. The estimated convergence velocity is 0.061 in the absolute convergence state and 0.075 in the conditional state. The findings also showed that inflation and human capital have a positive and significant effect and Internet penetration has a negative and significant effect on the convergence of income distribution. Kuznets hypothesis was confirmed in the provinces. The study of the effects of overflows in 1397 showed that the long-term costs of social security in one province affect the neighboring provinces and Isfahan province due to its proximity to 9 provinces has been able to have the greatest effect of overflows on other provinces

The Effects of E-Commerce on Employment and Productivity in Iran

The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of e-commerce on employment and productivity in Iran, with an emphasis on B2C. The methodology of econometrics in this research is panel-data approach, based on provincial seasonal data from 2013 to 2015. Evidence shows that there are 14 million online shoppers and 17,000 online shops in Iran, and 2.4 percent of GDP and 11 percent of the retail trade is done electronically. Estimate in different ways indicate that e-commerce with an emphasis on B2C, increases economic productivity. The elasticity of productivity with respect to e-commerce, is estimated to be between 0.006 to 0.0108. In other hands, one percentage increase in share of e-commerce would increase GDP per capita in provinces between 0.006 to 0.0108 percent. The impact of e-commerce on employment is negative but statistically insignificant. Due to the positive effects of e-commerce on GDP per capita and its insignificant effect on unemployment rate, we conclude that e-commerce improved the productivity of labor during period under study

Economic Complexity, Inefficiency, and Comparative Advantage

In this study, it was found that the degree of the industry complexity is related to the industry inefficiency degree and in this way affects the comparative advantage. For this purpose, factory industry data from twelve countries, including six developed countries and six less developed countries for the period 2011 to 2018 were used. By using the panel data method and the fixed effects technique, the impact of industry complexity on the degree of inefficiency was estimated for a set of selected developed and less developed countries. To measure economic complexity to the separation of industry from the average economic complexity of goods in that industry which is on the Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity website was used. The data envelopment analysis method has been used to estimate the inefficiency degree index in each industry. The results of the research showed that the degree of inefficiency of the industry in developed countries increases with the increase of the complexity of the industry up to the threshold of 0.2 and then decreases. While in less developed countries, the inefficiency degree decreased with increasing industry complexity to the -0.69 threshold and then increased. In addition, the findings showed that less developed countries have a comparative advantage in industries with complexity in the range of -1.1 to 0.48. The comparative advantage in developed countries is in the range of 0.48 to 1.1. The final result is that less developed countries do not have the capacity to produce complex goods due to high inefficiency degrees

Macroeconomic resilience and bankruptcy of the banking system (Cross-country study)

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effect of macroeconomic resilience on the probability of bankruptcy of the banking system in its various frameworks (Briguglio - Boorman) using annual data (2005-2016) for 125 countries in the form of models Logite and Probit. Overall results show that the increases of economic resilience and economic growth rate have reduced the probability of bankruptcy. Based on Briguglio model, the effect of increasing good governance and market efficiency on the probability of bankruptcy is negative, and increasing macroeconomic instability has increased the probability of bankruptcy. In the pattern of Boorman, The growth of variables such as good governance, the health of monetary policy, foreign power, export independence, bank credit and reserves have reduced the probability of bankruptcy and increased budget deficits have increased the probability of bankruptcy. Also, the improvement of institutions with the effect on macroeconomic instability has reduced the probability of bankruptcy. The effect of nonperformance loan has been positive and the effect of the ratio of capital adequacy ratio, margin of profit, return on assets and the existence of cash assets is negative

Estimating hydrogen demand function: A structural time series model

This paper utilizes a Structural Time Series Model (STM) with an underlying component to estimate the global hydrogen demand function. This approach allows for the discernment of the ongoing impact of technology and the dynamic changes in consumer behavior that affect hydrogen demand over time. To estimate the hydrogen demand function, the analysis incorporates key variables, including hydrogen price, natural gas price, oil price, and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita. The study utilizes quarterly global data from the first quarter of 2009 to the fourth quarter of 2021. In comparing the underlying components influencing hydrogen demand, the study suggests that advancements in production technology, organizational technology, and changes in consumer behavior collectively contribute to a gradual leftward shift in the global hydrogen demand curve over time. The study uncovered that, in the short term, global hydrogen demand demonstrates high inelasticity. Furthermore, the results reveal. a complementary relationship between natural gas and hydrogen, although this complementarity diminishes significantly over time. Additionally, the findings suggest that oil. can function as a substitute for hydrogen, with the substitution effect intensifying in the long term. Interestingly, hydrogen is initially perceived as a luxury commodity, yet over the long term, it transitions to behaving as a normal commodity