An Account of the Rise and Fall of the Australian Cameleering Industry, 1830-1930

The Australian cameleering industry, which thrived in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, played a crucial role in the exploration of the Australian outback, and development of the mineral riches of the new colony. The Australian cameleering industry emerged at that time as one of the most thriving and profitable businesses in Australia. It presents a unique scenario whereby immigrants not only came with highly sought after and locally scarce skills but they also brought their own lucrative transport ‘technology’, camels, to their adopted country. This paper intends to open up the aforementioned industry to the Australian business history scholarship. This paper presents an account of key events of the Australian cameleering industry, in order to elicit feedback for further developing theoretical frameworks for that aspect of hitherto inadequately investigated Australian history. Two possible lines of investigation would be specifically elaborated for feedback from business history colleagues. First, the paper traces the rise and ultimate demise of the industry in the wake of the introduction of mechanised transport in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; is there a story of an industry going through its life cycle, which could be a good teaching case study in business history? Second, the paper also highlights the dynamics of the cartage industry of that time in terms of the clash between the interests of the powerful and unionised industry incumbents ( the horse and bullock drawn cartage) and the economically more efficient but less politically influential new entrants (the camel carriers). Could this clash of various industry actors also inform policy making on contemporary issues on optimum regulatory responses to managing the interests of various industry actors?The symposium is organised on behalf of AAHANZBS by the Business and Labour History Group, The University of Sydney, with the financial support of the University’s Faculty of Economics and Business

MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF AMBRISENTAN, AN ENDOTHELIN TYPE-A RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, IN BREAST CANCER

The activation of the endothelin receptor type A (ETAR) by its ligand endothelin-1 (ET-1) is well known for its role in vasoconstriction. Interestingly, ET-1 and ETAR are over-expressed in various human tumors, including breast cancer. Several studies described an important role for ETAR in cancer progression and metastasis. The extensive network of interactions that exist between ET-1 axis and other signaling pathways can trigger an autocrine and paracrine signaling that modulates different tumorigenesis processes, such as cellular proliferation and survival, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance. The main objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects of Ambrisentan, a selective antagonist of ETAR, and FDA-approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), on tumor growth and metastasis using a syngeneic, orthotopic triple negative breast cancer (4T1) animal model. The results show a significant reduction in tumor growth and enhancement in overall animal survival in Ambrisentan-treated mice. This correlated with a significant decrease in the extent of tumor metastasis to the liver and lungs. Experiments using luciferase-expressing 4T1 tumor cells (4T1-Luc2) and in vivo life imaging (IVIS) of animals revealed a 5- and 18-fold decrease in the bioluminescence signal collected from the primary tumor site and distant organs, respectively, in Ambrisentan-treated mice. Using multi-color flowcytometry, accumulation of CD11b+Ly6G+ granulocytes in blood, peripheral lymphoid organs and lungs, a process driven by chemokines secreted by 4T1 cells, was inhibited by \u3e50% following Ambrisentan treatment. Importantly, this was further confirmed by demonstrating \u3e90% reduction in the number of 4T1-Luc2 tumor cells metastasizing to the lungs. Moreover, histological staining of liver tissue revealed a 43% decrease in the number of tumor foci in Ambrisentan treated group compared to control group. In an independent series of experiments, the effect of Ambrisentan on 4T1 cell growth was tested in the Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The findings highlighted the capacity of Ambrisentan to inhibit tumor growth by ~25% independent of any effect on anti-tumor immune responses. To uncover the underlying mechanism for the anti-metastatic effect of Ambrisentan, the extent of angiogenesis was within the tumor tissue by immunohistochemical staining using CD31-specific mAb. The findings revealed that total tumor vascularity was reduced by ~50%, mainly due to a decrease in the size of blood vessels in animals treated with Ambrisentan. Analysis of gene expression in 4T1 cells treated with Ambrisentan revealed significant inhibition (40-50%) of CXCL1 and MMP9, which are essential factors for tumor progression and metastasis. Taken together, this study provides a rationale for using Ambrisentan as a potential adjuvant in cancer therapy

MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF AMBRISENTAN, AN ENDOTHELIN TYPE-A RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, IN BREAST CANCER

The activation of the endothelin receptor type A (ETAR) by its ligand endothelin-1 (ET-1) is well known for its role in vasoconstriction. Interestingly, ET-1 and ETAR are over-expressed in various human tumours, including breast cancer. Several studies described the important role of ETAR in cancer progression and metastasis. The extensive network of interactions that exist between the ET-1 axis and other signalling pathways can trigger autocrine and paracrine signalling that modulates different tumorigenesis processes, such as cellular proliferation and survival, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance. The main objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects of Ambrisentan, a selective antagonist of ETAR, and FDA-approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), on tumour growth and metastasis using a syngeneic, orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer (4T1) animal model. The results show a significant reduction in tumour growth and enhancement in overall animal survival in Ambrisentan-treated mice. This correlated with a significant decrease in the extent of tumour metastasis to the liver and lungs. Experiments using luciferase-expressing 4T1 tumour cells (4T1-Luc2) and in vivo life imaging (IVIS) of animals revealed a 5- and 18-fold decrease in the bioluminescence signal collected from the primary tumour site and distant organs, respectively, in Ambrisentan-treated mice. Using multi-colour flow cytometry, accumulation of CD11b+Ly6G+ granulocytes in blood, peripheral lymphoid organs and lungs, a process driven by chemokines secreted by 4T1 cells, was inhibited by \u3e50% following Ambrisentan treatment. Importantly, this was further confirmed by demonstrating a\u3e90% reduction in the number of 4T1-Luc2 tumour cells metastasizing to the lungs. Moreover, histological staining of liver tissue revealed a 43% decrease in the number of tumour foci in the Ambrisentan treated group compared to the control group. In an independent series of experiments, the effect of Ambrisentan on 4T1 cell growth was tested in the Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The findings highlighted the capacity of Ambrisentan to inhibit tumour growth by ~25% independent of any effect on anti-tumour immune responses. To uncover the underlying mechanism for the anti-metastatic effect of Ambrisentan, the extent of angiogenesis was within the tumour tissue by immunohistochemical staining using CD31-specific mAb. The findings revealed that total tumour vascularity was reduced by ~50%, mainly due to a decrease in the size of blood vessels in animals treated with Ambrisentan. Analysis of gene expression in 4T1 cells treated with Ambrisentan revealed significant inhibition (40-50%) of CXCL1 and MMP9, which are essential factors for tumour progression and metastasis. Taken together, this study provides a rationale for using Ambrisentan as a potential adjuvant in cancer therapy

Frequency of Distribution and Relationship of Nail Changes and Oral Mucosal Involvement in Classical Lichen Planus (LP)

Introduction: LP is an itchy dermatosis. It is of different types with classical LP being a common type. It most commonly affects the skin of the limbs, however, it can affect the mucous membranes, genitals and nails as well. Materials and Methods: 100 patients of classical LP presenting in Dermatology OPD of Benazir Bhutto Hospital were enrolled to assess the involvement of nails and oral mucosa in the disease. Statistical Analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Results: Out of 100 patients, 70% were free from any oral mucosal or nail involvement, whereas, 7% had both oral mucosal as well as nail involvement with classical LP. 18% had oral mucosa affected but nails spared and only 5% had nails affected without oral mucous membrane involvement with the diseases. 25% had oral mucosal involvement with reticular pattern being most common type and 12% showed nail changes with longitudinal ridging being the most common. Fisher’s exact test computed a two tailed p value of 0.0093 showing a significant association of nail changes in classical LP with oral mucosal involvement. Conclusion: Classical LP is an itchy condition which most commonly affects the skin, mucous membranes and nails. However, if oral mucous membranes are involved, the risk of having nails affected by the disease is quite significant. The distribution frequency of nail and oral mucosal changes as well as their predominant subtypes associated with classical LP in South Asians is comparable with rest of the world & other types of L

Designing An E-Education System In The University Of Mustansiriyah Baghdad, Iraq

Designing an e-education system for UoMust (which would enhance learning opportunities for about 41000 individuals) was the main objective of this e-education research. Perekaan suatu sistem e-pendidikan untuk UoMust (yang dapat menambahbaik peluang pengajian kepada kira-kira 41000 individu) adalah objektif utama bagi penyelidikan e-pendidikan ini

The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Dimensions on Organizational Attractiveness in Jordanian Commercial Banks

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions on organizational attractiveness from two perspectives; signaling theory and person –organization fit (P-O fit). A structured questionnaire was developed and applied on 103 students enrolled in a training course in commercial banks. Reliabilities and validities for constructs were measured and hypotheses were tested using hierarchical multiple regression. The results of the study revealed a positive impact of CSR related to customer and employee on organizational attractiveness, but this was not the case of CSR related to social and non-social stakeholders and government, in addition the results showed that P-O fit has a significant and positive effect on organizational attractiveness. This study measures directly the potential employee's trends toward the extent of practicing CSR by organizations and its impact on organizational attractiveness instead of using an experimental approach which made the results of this study more realistic. This study is considered to be a humble source to enrich the Arabic library with a new subject in the field of corporate social responsibility. Keywords: corporate social responsibility, organizational attractiveness, Signaling Theory , Person-Organization fit

A prospective comparative study of Proximal Femoral Nailing Anti-rotation (PFNA) and Sliding Hip Screw (SHS) for Per-trochanteric Femur Fracture

Objectives: To determine the functional outcome, operative risks, rate of union, and complication in Per-trochanteric  Fracture fixed with PFNA and SHS. Material and Methods: The present study has been conducted at Shalamar Medical and Dental College Lahore from January 2018 to December 2018.40 patients with per-trochanteric femur fracture treated with proximal femoral nailing anti-rotation (PFNA)  and Sliding hip screw (SHS) were enrolled in our study.20 patients were treated by PFNA and 20 patients by SHS. Timing of surgery, mobilization status, hospital stay, infection, weight-bearing status, radiological union, complications both technical and implant-related, amount of blood loss(ml), C ARM Exposures, and Harris hip score at the end of 6 months were recorded. Results: Union was better in the PFNA group (95%) as compared to the SHS group (85%). Complication rate, hospital stay, surgery timing, and requirement of revision surgery were more in the SHS group. The functional outcome was better in the PFNA group as compared to the SHS group. Conclusion: From our study, we concluded that PFNA is a better alternative than SHS in terms of higher union rates, low complication rates, and better functional outcomes. &nbsp