Enzymatic Synthesis of Theanine in the Presence of L-glutaminase Produced by Trichoderma koningii

Background and Objective: Since ancient times, it has been said that drinking green tea brings relaxation. The substance that is responsible for a sense of relaxation is theanine. Theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) is a unique non-protein amino acid. It gives an umami taste and a unique flavor to the tea, and has many physiological and pharmaceutical effects such as anti-tumor, anti-cancer, neuro-protective, anti-hypertensive and anti-obesity effects; it may further help in relaxation and increase focus. So this compound is essential for human body; however, it is not synthesized in the body and should be administrated orally. In the present study, the enzymatic biosynthesis of theanine was examined in the presence of Ethylamine and L-glutamine, and for the first time the enzyme was produced by the fungal strain Trichoderma koningii. Material and Methods: At first, solid state fermentation was carried out for the production of L-glutaminase by the fungal strain Trichoderma koningii using sesamum oil cake as the solid substrate. Then the biosynthesis of theanine was performed in the presence of extracted enzyme solution, and ethylamine and L-glutamine as substrates. The concentration of effective parameters, namely L-glutamine and ethylamine, and the volume of enzyme solution on theanine production were evaluated based on the response surface methodology coupled with central composite design. 16 experiments were designed by the design expert software and carried out to examine the changes of theanine concentration with changes in the concentration of ethylamine and L-glutamine and the volume of enzyme solution. Results and Conclusion: This investigation indicated simultaneous synthesis of theanine as well as hydrolysis of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid. Selected independent variables (including ethylamine concentration, L-glutamine concentration and enzyme solution volume) were effective on theanine concentration. Increase of enzyme solution volume had a significant effect on theanine concentration. The highest theanine concentration (43 mM) was obtained at the ethylamine concentration of 0.9 M, L-glutamine concentration of 0.3 M and enzyme solution of 3 ml. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

Reliability of Ultrasonographic Measurement of Cervical Multifidus Muscle Dimensions during Isometric Contraction of Neck Muscles

Background and Aim: Cervical multifidus is considered as one of the most important neck stabilizers. Weakness and muscular atrophy of this muscle were seen in patients with chronic neck pain. Ultrasonographic imaging is a non-invasive and feasible technique that commonly used to record such changes and measure muscle dimensions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of ultrasonographic measurement of cervical multifidus muscle’s dimensions during isometric contraction of neck muscles. Materials and Method: Ten subjects (5 patients with chronic neck pain and 5 healthy subjects) were recruited in this study. Cervical multifidus muscle’s dimensions were measured at the level of forth cervical vertebrae. Ultrasonographic measurement of cervical multifidus muscle at rest, 50% and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were performed by one examiner within 1 week interval. The dimensions of cervical multifidus muscle including cross-sectional area (CSA), anterior posterior dimension (APD), and lateral dimension (LD) were measured. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were computed for data analysis.Results: The between days reliability of maximum strength of neck muscles and multifidus muscle dimensions at rest, 50% and 100% of MVC of neck muscles were good to excellent (ICC=0.75-0.99).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ultrasonographic measuring of cervical multifidus muscle’s dimensions during isometric contraction of neck muscles at the level of C4 in females with chronic neck pain and healthy subjects is a reliable and repeatable method