A scenario that demonstrates decision-making about flag football in a 4th-grade physical education class: Children’s utterances

This study aimed to analyze and interpret children’s utterances in the classroom, as well as when they moved around during games of flag football. We used this case to clarify the ways in which children make decisions in this context. We derived the following four points: (1) It was possible to ascertain how children on the defense team in the game engaged in decision-making with respect to the sampling group, based on an analysis of the teacher’s guidance and the children’s utterances and movements in class. (2) The children made decisions based on the knowledge they had acquired through learning. (3) The children were able to make decisions and respond immediately to offensive maneuvers that differed from the ones they had initially anticipated. (4) The children had the knowledge they needed for decision-making and were able to make decisions, but this was not always consistent with their actions

化学種解析に基づく都市・海洋エアロゾルに関する生物地球化学的研究

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(理学)Doctor of Sciencedoctora

Developing a pupil’s decision-making skills in ball games: Improving Pupil Performance in Physical Education in Elementary Schools Focusing on Statistical Investigation

本研究の目的は，ゲームの中において児童が適切なパフォーマンスを実行できるための単元を開発することである。ボールゲームの学習指導論の先行研究を検討した結果，ゲームでの正当なパフォーマンスのためには，児童が攻撃と防御の双方に関して戦術的知識と状況判断を学習することが必要であることが示唆された。さらに，ゲームの中で児童が戦術的知識と状況判断を理解することができるためには，大人のゲームを修正する手続きが重要であることが示唆された。その結果，戦術学習に適するフラッグフットボールの教材化を行い，教材化の「方法的視点」と「内容的視点」による単元開発を行った。また，攻撃と防御の双方に関して戦術的知識と状況判断を内容とする単元を開発した。This study aims to provide an effective unit for developing a pupil’s performance in ball games. Generally, pupils have to learn tactical knowledge and decision-making skills for both offense and defense to enhance their performance in ball games, as outlined in “Teaching Games for Understanding”. Furthermore, it is believed that modification of the full games is important for beginners to learn tactical knowledge and decision making in games. As a result, a flag football unit was developed involving both representation and exaggeration to assist learning in Physical Education. This unit incorporates tactical knowledge and decision making involved in both offensive and defensive aspects of the game

Content Analysis of Pupils’ Self-Assessment Using Dual-video Comparison <Article>

本研究の目的は，学習者自身の映像を用いた自己評価と，モデル映像と学習者自身の映像を並べて2画面同時に提示するビデオ映像を用いた自己評価を比較することによって，動きや技の改善点や高まりの気づきに違いがみられるのか，その観察対象の違いによる児童の気づきの特徴を明らかにすることである。 そこで，小学4年マット運動の授業において，観察対象の違う2つの自己評価の記述を比較した。その結果，学習者自身の映像を用いた自己評価では，動きや技の高まりに関する記述が多く，学習者自身が意識的に修正しようしたことや，児童が試技を行った際に自分で感じた気づきが記述されやすいことが推察された。また，2画面比較映像による自己評価では，授業で指導された運動課題についての評価基準をより高く修正したり，自らが意識していなかった改善点を見出したりしやすいが，自分で感じた気づきが捨象される可能性があることが示唆された。This research compares pupils' self-assessments made from watching their own videos with the self-assessments they made from watching their own videos and a model video simultaneously. The research also examines whether the pupils showed differences in recognizing improvements in their moves and techniques, and it studies the characteristics pupils displayed while recognizing these improvements in the two kinds of self-assessment. We compared the two different self-assessments made by fourth-year elementary school pupils in a mat exercise class. On the basis of the comparison, we found that the pupils extensively reported the improvements in their moves and techniques in the self-assessment of their own videos. This showed that they were liable to report what they wanted to modify consciously and what they noticed during the trial. From the self-assessments made using the dual-video comparison, we inferred that they were liable to raise the evaluation criteria of the exercise taught in the class, that they easily identified improvements they had not recognized from their own videos, and that they were likely to disregard any recognition they made by themselves.本研究は，科学研究補助金・基盤研究(C)(No.25350726)の助成を受けたものである

A Study on Tactical Knowledge Acquisition among Fourth Grade Students in a Physical Education Class: Focusing on the Offensive Guard in Flag Football

試合の中で戦術的な動きを行ったり，試合をする以前に作戦を立案したりする際には，いずれも戦術に関する知識が必要となる。それゆえ，ボール運動の学習を効果的に進めるためには，戦術に関する知識の指導が重要であるといえる。本研究は，フラッグフットボールにおけるオフェンスのガードに着目して，児童の戦術的知識の変容を明らかにすることを目的とした。 そこで，単元の前後に戦術的知識テストを行い，記述を分析した。その結果，多くの児童がガードの戦術的知識を獲得していたことが明らかになった。それは具体的には，ガードの役割や原則といったガードの「宣言的知識」や，敵や味方の動きを意識したガードの動き方というガードの「手続的知識」であった。また，作戦を成功させるために必要となる効果的なガードの仕方に関する「手続的知識」を獲得していた児童も多くみられた。In ball games, knowledge of tactics is required both during a match and while planning operations before a match. Therefore, for children to learn to play ball games effectively, knowledge on tactics is important. This study aimed to clarify how children’s tactical knowledge changed following a unit focusing on the offensive guard in flag football. To this end, a tactical knowledge test was conducted before and after the unit, and the results were analyzed. Findings showed that many children had acquired tactical knowledge related to offensive guards. Children gained two specific types of knowledge. First, they gained declarative knowledge about offensive guards, such as the role of the guard in the football game. Second, the gained procedural knowledge about offensive guards, such as how guards must remain conscious of the movements of opponents and teammates. Additionally, many children acquired procedural knowledge regarding the guarding tactics necessary to make plays successful

Development of video tests for elementary school physical education to assess pupil’s ability to think and judge: Utilization of simultaneously reproduced four-split screen videos

This study is a follow-up report of a study by Osedo et al. (2018), wherein a video test in which pupils “think and judge” based on the knowledge gained in physical education classes was developed. In this study, we developed a new video test that simultaneously reproduces video images with two technical differences on a four-split screen. We then administered a survey to third grade students to examine whether there were any differences in their viewpoints when observing the video. The results from an analysis of the data suggest that if a teacher wants his or her students to “think and judge” based on the observation of physical exercise from several viewpoints, a four-split screen video acts as a teaching material that requires more comprehensive “thinking and judging” as compared to Osedo et al.’s (2018) test. However, because of the increase in the number of video images, students may have developed dispersed observation viewpoints; therefore, a further examination of developmentally appropriate utilization methods is necessary.本研究は，日本学術振興会科研費の助成（16K01619）を受けたものです

Perihilar or (Hilar) Cholangiocarcinoma: Interventional to Surgical Management

Peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) or hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) characterizes a critical effort to assess significantly sick patients. The existing scenery and proof to the diagnosis and treatments for hilar cholangiocarcinoma are improving day by day. Patients with HCCA encounter numerous obstacles in acquiring efficient therapies. The condition is uncommon, and the majority patients don’t have any distinct risk factors, doing selection process inadequate. The initial signs and symptoms in many cases are non-specific, and in many patients the tumors are not resectable because of involvement of the perihilar structures. MRI with MRCP offers further information about the extent of biliary involvement. Furthermore, endoscopic stenting and percutaneous drain could be useful for intricate hilar strictures. Surgical resections with negative margins are related to good likelihood of survival for patients representing with HCCA. Regardless of the accessibility of curative treatment strategies such as operative resection and liver transplantation, most sufferers with HCCA shows with repeated, metastases or locally advanced disease with a poor prognosis. Within this chapter, we have tried to elaborate the modalities of treatment from intervention to surgical approach for HCCA

Cystic Artery Variations and Associated Vascular Complications in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Substantial knowledge of the arterial supply and its anatomical variations of the gall bladder and liver are important in all the hepatobiliary surgical procedures. The arterial supply of gallbladder called cystic artery (CA) is a vital structure required to get ligated or clipped in the path of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The possible concerns like intra-operative bleeding or adjoining accidental injuries will almost always be focused on the research consisting of dissection and clipping with cystic artery. Pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery has additionally been belonging to the presence of acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis. An original supply of CA is usually assessed depending on the existence of hepatic artery variants. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is really a recent and arduous noninvasive procedure and might even result in substantial unintended effects possibly iatrogenic or in the form of post-procedural complications. The perfect knowledge of anatomy in addition to feasible variation of cystic artery is mandatory. An efficient operative strategy and consciousness are probably the key components with all the results and marginal likelihood of complications, which often can be ultimately attainable. Within this chapter, we have attempted to explore some variations of cystic artery, complications and management

コンバラトキシンによる凝固亢進における単球由来組織因子陽性細胞外小胞の関与

Objectives: Convallatoxin (CNT) is a natural cardiac glycoside extracted from lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis). Although it is empirically known to cause blood coagulation disorders, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. CNT exerts cytotoxicity and increases tissue factor (TF) expression in endothelial cells. However, the direct action of CNT on blood coagulation remains unclear. Therefore, herein, we investigated the effects of CNT on whole blood coagulation system and TF expression in monocytes. Methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers to measure plasma thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) concentration using ELISA and to perform rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and whole-blood extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated TF (EV-TF) analysis. The effects of CNT were also investigated using the monocytic human cell line THP-1. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting were performed, and PD98059, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, was used to elucidate the action mechanism of CNT-mediated TF production. Results: CNT treatment increased EV-TF activity, shortened the whole blood clotting time in rotational thromboelastometry analysis, and increased TAT levels, which is an index of thrombin generation. Furthermore, CNT increased TF mRNA expression in THP-1 cells and EV-TF activity in the cell culture supernatant. Therefore, CNT may induce a hypercoagulable state with thrombin generation, in which elevated EV-TF activity derived from monocytes might be involved. These procoagulant effects of CNT were reversed by PD98059, suggesting that CNT-induced TF production in monocytes might be mediated by the MAPK pathway. Conclusions: The findings of the present study have further clarified the procoagulant properties of CNT.本文は発行元が定める公開猶予期間終了後に公開