Parasitóides de moscas-das-frutas no Estado do Amapá, Brasil.

A fruticultura é uma importante atividade econômica para o Brasil. No entanto, há inúmeras pragas que prejudicam a produção de frutas. Dentre essas pragas, destacam-se as moscas-das-frutas ou tefritídeos, que compôem um dos grupos de insetos que mais causam danos à fruticultura mundial. Os parasitóides são os mais efetivos inimigos naturais de moscas-das-frutas, sendo fundamental conhecer as espécies existentes em cada região do país

Cyclical Effects of Bank Capital Buffers with Imperfect Credit Markets: international evidence

This paper analyzes the cyclical effects of bank capital buffers using an international sample of 2,361 banks from 92 countries over the 1990-2007 period. We find that capital buffers reduce the bank credit supply but – through what could be “monitoring or signaling effects” – have also an expansionary effect on economic activity by reducing lending and deposit rate spreads. This influence on lending and deposit rate spreads is more pronunced in developing countries and during downturns. The results suggest that capital buffers have a counter-cyclical effect in these countries. Our data do not suggest differences in the cyclical effects of capital buffers between Basel I and Basel II.